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A New Perspective on Thermodynamics (Paperback, 2010 ed.)
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A New Perspective on Thermodynamics (Paperback, 2010 ed.)
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More than to any other single individual, thermodynamics owes its
creation to Nicolas-Leonard-Sadi ' Carnot. Sadi, the son of the
"great Carnot" Lazare, was he- ily in uencedby his father. Not
onlywas LazareMinister of War duringNapoleon's consulate, he was a
respected mathematician and engineer in his own right. Ma-
ematically, Lazare can lay claim to the de nition of the cross
ratio, a projective invariant of four points. Lazare was also
interested in how machines operated, - phasizing the roles of work
and "vis viva," or living force, which was later to be associated
with the kinetic energy. He arrived at a dynamical theory that
machines in order to operate at maximum ef ciency should avoid "any
impact or sudden change. " This was the heritage he left to his son
Sadi. The mechanics of Newton, in his Principia, was more than a
century old. It dealt with the mechanics of conservative systems in
which there was no room for p- cesses involving heat and friction.
Such processes would ruin the time reversibility of mechanical
laws, which could no longer be derived by minimizing the difference
between kinetic and potential energies. When Sadi wrote his only
scienti c work in 1824, there were no laws governing the mechanical
effects of heat. In fact, caloric theory was still in vogue, which
treated heat as an imponderable uid that was c- served.
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