During the past 30 years, the relationship between humans and
the environment has changed more drastically than during any
previous period in human history. Local sustainable exploitation of
natural resources has been overridden by global interests
indifferent to the detrimental impact of their activities on local
environments and their inhabitants. Increasingly efficient
technology has reduced the need for human labor, but improved
medical treatment favors reproduction and survival, creating a
growing imbalance between population density and food supply. Rapid
transportation is introducing alien species to distant terrestrial
and aquatic environments, where they displace critical elements in
the local food chain.
This succinct and profusely illustrated volume applies
evolutionary and cultural theory to the interpretation of
prehistoric cultural development in the western hemisphere. After
reviewing cultural development in Mesoamerica and the central
Andes, Meggers examines adaptation in North and South American
regions with similar environments to evaluate the influence of
adaptive constraints on cultural content.
What made the human species dominant on the planet is the
substitution of cultural behavior for biological behavior.
Prehistoric Americans applied this ability to develop sustainable
relationships with their environments. Many succeeded and others
did not. Paleoclimatic reconstructions can be compared with
archeological sequences and ethnographic descriptions to identify
cultural behavior responsible for the difference. Comparison of the
responses of Amazonians and Mayans to episodes of severe drought
provides useful insights into what we are doing wrong.
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