Prolonged stress has long been shown to have major effects on the
development of both type of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by
the immune system attacking self-antigens. There is a failure or
breakdown in immunological tolerance to allow this to happen.
Prolonged physical or emotional stress can activate the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to induce production of
the stress hormone glucocorticoid, causing abrupt thymus involution
and result in escape of autoreactive T- cells. Though regulatory
T-cells (Treg) are present in the circulation, they are unable to
suppress the autoreative T-cells from initiating the destruction of
-cells and the subsequent development of Type 1 diabetes. Stress
also causes metabolic disturbances, including altered hepatic
glucose metabolism, increased peripheral insulin resistance and
hyperglycemia. Glucocorticoid is the potential contributor to the
chronic hyperglycemia that results in insulin resistance and -cell
dysfunction via the generation of oxidative stress which ultimately
leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes."
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