During the first generation of black participation in U.S.
diplomacy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a
vibrant community of African American writers and cultural figures
worked as U.S. representatives abroad. Through the literary and
diplomatic dossiers of figures such as Frederick Douglass, James
Weldon Johnson, Archibald and Angelina Grimke, W. E. B. Du Bois,
Ida Gibbs Hunt, and Richard Wright, Brian Roberts shows how the
intersection of black aesthetic trends and U.S. political culture
both Americanized and internationalized the trope of the New Negro.
This decades-long relationship began during the days of
Reconstruction, and it flourished as U.S. presidents courted and
rewarded their black voting constituencies by appointing black men
as consuls and ministers to such locales as Liberia, Haiti,
Madagascar, and Venezuela. These appointments changed the
complexion of U.S. interactions with nations and colonies of color;
in turn, state-sponsored black travel gave rise to literary works
that imported international representation into New Negro discourse
on aesthetics, race, and African American culture.
Beyond offering a narrative of the formative dialogue between
black transnationalism and U.S. international diplomacy, "Artistic
Ambassadors" also illuminates a broader literary culture that
reached both black and white America as well as the black diaspora
and the wider world of people of color. In light of the U.S.
appointments of its first two black secretaries of state and the
election of its first black president, this complex
representational legacy has continued relevance to our
understanding of current American internationalism.
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