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Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae (Paperback, 2009 ed.)
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Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae (Paperback, 2009 ed.)
Series: Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, 7
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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Sequencing of the model plant genomes such as those of A. thaliana
and rice has revolutionized our understanding of plant biology but
it has yet to translate into the improvement of major crop species
such as maize, wheat, or barley. Moreover, the comparative genomic
studies in cereals that have been performed in the past decade have
revealed the limits of conservation between rice and the other
cereal genomes. This has necessitated the development of genomic
resources and programs for maize, sorghum, wheat, and barley to
serve as the foundation for future genome sequencing and the
acceleration of genomic based improvement of these critically
important crops. Cereals constitute over 50% of total crop
production worldwide (http://www.fao.org/) and cereal seeds are one
of the most important renewable resources for food, feed, and
industrial raw materials. Crop species of the Triticeae tribe that
comprise wheat, barley, and rye are essential components of human
and domestic animal nutrition. With 17% of all crop area, wheat is
the staple food for 40% of the world's population, while barley
ranks fifth in the world production. Their domestication in the
Fertile Crescent 10,000 years ago ushered in the beginning of
agriculture and signified an important breakthrough in the
advancement of civilization. Rye is second after wheat among grains
most commonly used in the production of bread and is also very
important for mixed animal feeds. It can be cultivated in poor
soils and climates that are generally not suitable for other
cereals. Extensive genetics and cytogenetics studies performed in
the Triticeae species over the last 50 years have led to the
characterization of their chromosomal composition and origins and
have supported intensive work to create new genetic resources.
Cytogenetic studies in wheat have allowed the identification and
characterization of the different homoeologous genomes and have
demonstrated the utility of studying wheat genome evolution as a
model for the analysis of polyploidization, a major force in the
evolution of the eukaryotic genomes. Barley with its diploid genome
shows high collinearity with the other Triticeae genomes and
therefore serves as a good template for supporting genomic analyses
in the wheat and rye genomes. The knowledge gained from genetic
studies in the Triticeae has also been used to produce Triticale,
the first human made hybrid crop that results from a cross between
wheat and rye and combines the nutrition quality and productivity
of wheat with the ruggedness of rye. Despite the economic
importance of the Triticeae species and the need for accelerated
crop improvement based on genomics studies, the size (1.7 Gb for
the bread wheat genome, i.e., 5x the human genome and 40 times the
rice genome), high repeat content (>80%), and complexity
(polyploidy in wheat) of their genomes often have been considered
too challenging for efficient molecular analysis and genetic
improvement in these species. Consequently, Triticeae genomics has
lagged behind the genomic advances of other cereal crops for many
years. Recently, however, the situation has changed dramatically
and robust genomic programs can be established in the Triticeae as
a result of the convergence of several technology developments that
have led to new, more efficient scientific capabilities and
resources such as whole-genome and chromosome-specific BAC
libraries, extensive EST collections, transformation systems, wild
germplasm and mutant collections, as well as DNA chips. Currently,
the Triticeae genomics "toolbox" is comprised of: - 9 publicly
available BAC libraries from diploid (5), tetraploid (1) and
hexaploid (3) wheat; 3 publicly available BAC libraries from barley
and one BAC library from rye; - 3 wheat chromosome specific BAC
libraries; - DNA chips including commercially available first
generation chips from AFFYMETRIX containing 55'000 wheat and 22,000
barley genes; - A large number of wheat and barley genetic maps
that are saturated by a significant number of markers; - The
largest plant EST collection with 870'000 wheat ESTs, 440'000
barley ESTs and about 10'000 rye ESTs; - Established protocols for
stable transformation by biolistic and agrobacterium as well as a
transient expression system using VIGS in wheat and barley; and -
Large collections of well characterized cultivated and wild genetic
resources. International consortia, such as the International
Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI), have advanced synergies in the
Triticeae genetics community in the development of additional
mapping populations and markers that have led to a dramatic
improvement in the resolution of the genetic maps and the amount of
molecular markers in the three species resulting in the accelerated
utilization of molecular markers in selection programs. Together,
with the development of the genomic resources, the isolation of the
first genes of agronomic interest by map-based cloning has been
enabled and has proven the feasibility of forging the link between
genotype and phenotype in the Triticeae species. Moreover, the
first analyses of BAC sequences from wheat and barley have allowed
preliminary characterizations of their genome organization and
composition as well as the first inter- and intra-specific
comparative genomic studies. These later have revealed important
evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. unequal crossing over, illegitimate
recombination) that have shaped the wheat and barley genomes during
their evolution. These breakthroughs have demonstrated the
feasibility of developing efficient genomic studies in the
Triticeae and have led to the recent establishment of the
International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC)
(http//:www.wheatgenome.org) and the International Barley
Sequencing Consortium (www.isbc.org) that aim to sequence,
respectively, the hexaploid wheat and barley genomes to accelerate
gene discovery and crop improvement in the next decade. Large
projects aiming at the establishment of the physical maps as well
as a better characterization of their composition and organization
through large scale random sequencing projects have been initiated
already. Concurrently, a number of projects have been launched to
develop high throughput functional genomics in wheat and barley.
Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses of traits of
agronomic importance, such as quality, disease resistance, drought,
and salt tolerance, are underway in both species. Combined with the
development of physical maps, efficient gene isolation will be
enabled and improved sequencing technologies and reduced sequencing
costs will permit ultimately genome sequencing and access to the
entire wheat and barley gene regulatory elements repertoire.
Because rye is closely related to wheat and barley in Triticeae
evolution, the latest developments in wheat and barley genomics
will be of great use for developing rye genomics and for providing
tools for rye improvement. Finally, a new model for temperate
grasses has emerged in the past year with the development of the
genetics and genomics (including a 8x whole genome shotgun
sequencing project) of Brachypodium, a member of the Poeae family
that is more closely related to the Triticeae than rice and can
provide valuable information for supporting Triticeae genomics in
the near future. These recent breakthroughs have yet to be reviewed
in a single source of literature and current handbooks on wheat,
barley, or rye are dedicated mainly to progress in genetics. In
"Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae", we will aim to
comprehensively review the recent progress in the development of
structural and functional genomics tools in the Triticeae species
and review the understanding of wheat, barley, and rye biology that
has resulted from these new resources as well as to illuminate how
this new found knowledge can be applied for the improvement of
these essential species. The book will be the seventh volume in the
ambitious series of books, Plant Genetics and Genomics (Richard A.
Jorgensen, series editor) that will attempt to bring the field
up-to-date on the genetics and genomics of important crop plants
and genetic models. It is our hope that the publication will be a
useful and timely tool for researchers and students alike working
with the Triticeae.
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