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Pen and Ink Witchcraft - Treaties and Treaty Making in American Indian History (Hardcover)
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Pen and Ink Witchcraft - Treaties and Treaty Making in American Indian History (Hardcover)
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Treaties were the primary instruments by which Native American
tribal homelands passed into non-Indian hands. Indian people were
coerced, manipulated, and misled into signing treaties and
Euro-Americans used treaty documents to justify their acquisition
and perpetuate their occupation of Indian lands. Indians called
treaties "pen and ink witchcraft." But each treaty had its own
story and cast of characters and involved particular maneuverings
and competing ambitions, and Indians frequently matched their
colonizing counterparts in diplomatic savvy. Treaties were cultural
encounters, human dramas, and power struggles where people
representing different ways of life faced each other in a public
contest of words rather than weapons. Treaty making changed over
time and serves as a barometer of Indian-white relations in North
America. Early treaty negotiations usually followed Indian protocol
and forms, and sometimes were conducted on Indian terms, and early
treaties were often agreements between equals. As power dynamics
shifted the United States adapted and applied processes and
procedures developed in the colonial era to effect the acquisition
of Native lands by a rapidly expanding nation state. Pen and Ink
Witchcraft begins with the protocols, practices, and precedents of
Indian diplomacy in colonial America but then focuses the century
between 1768 and 1871 when Congress ended treaty making. It traces
the stories and the individuals behind three treaties that
represent distinct phases in treaty relations. The Treaty of Fort
Stanwix in 1768 culminated colonial efforts to establish a boundary
between Indian lands and white settlers; the Treaty of New Echota
in 1835 implemented national efforts to remove Indians, and the
Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 intended to confine and transform
Indians as the United States pushed across the Great Plains.
Although treaty making officially ended in 1871, nearly four
hundred Indian treaties remain the law of the land. They continue
to define the status of tribes as sovereign entities, determine
their rights to hunting, fishing, and other resources, shape their
dealings with state and federal governments, and provide the basis
for much litigation and lobbying.
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