This thesis presents a pioneering method for gleaning the maximum
information from the deepest images of the far-infrared universe
obtained with the Herschel satellite, reaching galaxies fainter by
an order of magnitude than in previous studies. Using these
high-quality measurements, the author first demonstrates that the
vast majority of galaxy star formation did not take place in
merger-driven starbursts over 90% of the history of the universe,
which suggests that galaxy growth is instead dominated by a steady
infall of matter. The author further demonstrates that massive
galaxies suffer a gradual decline in their star formation activity,
providing an alternative path for galaxies to stop star formation.
One of the key unsolved questions in astrophysics is how galaxies
acquired their mass in the course of cosmic time. In the standard
theory, the merging of galaxies plays a major role in forming new
stars. Then, old galaxies abruptly stop forming stars through an
unknown process. Investigating this theory requires an unbiased
measure of the star formation intensity of galaxies, which has been
unavailable due to the dust obscuration of stellar light.
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