Cities built on unconsolidated sediments consisting of clays,
silt, peat, and sand, are particularly susceptible to subsidence.
Such regions are common in delta areas, where rivers empty into the
oceans, along flood plains adjacent to rivers, and in coastal marsh
lands. Building cities in such areas aggravates the problem for
several reasons:
1. Construction of buildings and streets adds weight to the
region causing additional soil deformations.
2. Often the regions have to be drained in order to be occupied.
This results in lowering of the water table and leads to
hydro-compaction.
3. Often the groundwater is used as a source of water for both
human consumption and industrial use.
4. Levees and dams are often built to prevent or control
flooding.
Earth fissures caused by ground failure in areas of uneven or
differential compaction have damaged buildings, roads and highways,
railroads, flood-control structures and sewer lines. As emphasized
by Barends, "in order to develop a legal framework to claims and
litigation, it is essential that direct and indirect causes of land
subsidence effects can be quantified with sufficient accuracy from
a technical and scientific point of view."
Most existing methods and software applications treat the
subsidence problem by analyzing one of the causes. This is due to
the fact that the causes appear at different spatial scales. For
example, over-pumping creates large scale subsidence, while
building loading creates local subsidence/consolidation only.
Then, maximum permissible land subsidence (or consolidation) is
a constraint in different management problems such as: groundwater
management, planning of town and/or laws on building construction.
It is, therefore, necessary to quantify the contribution of each
cause to soil subsidence of the ground surface in cities urban
area.
In this text book, we present an engineering approach based on
the Biot system of equations to predict the soil settlement due to
subsidence, resulting from different causes. Also we present a case
study of The Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA).
General
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