First published in 1967. The impression is sometimes given that the
Atomic Theory was revived in the early years of the nineteenth
century by John Dalton, and that continuously from then on it has
played a vital role in chemistry. The aim of this study is to
revise this over-simplified picture. Atomic explanations seemed to
chemists to go beyond the facts, to fail to lend themselves to
mathematical expression, and to deny the ultimate simplicity and
unity of all matter. Most, therefore, rejected them. Meanwhile,
physicists were developing a whole range of atomic theories to
explain the physical properties of bodies in terms of very simple
atoms or particles. During the last thirty years of the century the
position changed, as physicists and chemists came to agree on a
common atomic theory. But the last prominent opponents of atomism
were not converted until the early years of the twentieth century,
by which time studies of radioactivity had made it clear that the
billiard-ball Daltonian atom must, in any case, be abandoned.
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