In this monograph, we will examine key questions in five areas
related to medicine: science, statistics, evidence, Big Data, and
the care of patients. First, when and how did science enter
medicine? Second, what and how did statistics enter medicine?
Third, when did evidence-based medicine begin in medicine and
surgery? Fourth, what is Big Data, and how is Big Data different
from EBM? Science in Medicine traces the history of science as
applied in medicine as that science was developed and continues to
develop today as a two-pronged effort: (1) to produce common
knowledge for application to human disease and (2) to help, manage,
and treat human beings. In the era of diagnosis in the early 1800s,
we will view it as the early grounds of a developing evidence-based
medicine; the era of recognising the challenges of disease-related
data collections in the early 1600s we will view as the early
grounds capturing many of the challenges of what is now referred to
as the era of Big Data. We will focus on each era of medicine and
its foundations to better understand where we are today with
evidence-based medicine (EBM) and Big Data, and what tomorrow will
bring as scientists, mathematicians, physicians, and clinicians
jointly work in taking medicine further into the twenty-first
century. In all eras, we recognise the importance of developing
knowledge about disease and its treatment with the recognition that
research even today is not based on a study of the full-range of
patients with disease. Therefore, there will always be the need to
convince clinicians of whether the knowledge gained by research is
solid enough to be applied to the care of the full-range of
patients with the disease, or a medical condition that has been
researched to some extent such that some knowledge, but not all
knowledge gained. Although such knowledge may be based on the study
of human research volunteers, the author hopes that it is
applicable to the full spectrum of patients including clinician
diagnosis, medical therapeutics, surgical devices, and beyond.
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