The transborder modernization of Mexico and the American Southwest
during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
transformed the lives of ethnic Mexicans across the political
divide. While industrialization, urbanization, technology,
privatization, and wealth concentration benefitted some, many more
experienced dislocation, exploitative work relations, and
discrimination based on race, gender, and class. The Mexican
Revolution brought these issues to the fore within Mexican society,
igniting a diaspora to el norte. Within the United States, similar
economic and social power dynamics plagued Tejanos and awaited the
war refugees. Political activism spearheaded by individuals and
organizations such as the Idars, Leonor Villegas' de Magnon's White
Cross, the Magonista movement, the Munguias, Emma Tenayuca, and
LULAC emerged in the borderlands to address the needs of ethnic
Mexicans whose lives were shaped by racism, patriarchy, and
poverty. As Gabriela Gonzalez shows in this book, economic
modernization relied on social hierarchies that were used to
justify economic inequities. Redeeming la raza was about saving
ethnic Mexicans in Texas from a social hierarchy premised on false
notions of white supremacy and Mexican inferiority. Activists used
privileges of class, education, networks, and organizational skills
to confront the many injustices that racism bred, but they used
different strategies. Thus, the anarcho-syndicalist approach of
Magonistas stands in contrast to the social and cultural redemption
politics of the Idars who used the press to challenge a Jaime Crow
world. Also, the family promoted the intellectual, material, and
cultural uplift of la raza, working to combat negative stereotypes
of ethnic Mexicans. Similar contrasts can be drawn between the
labor activism of Emma Tenayuca and the Munguias, whose struggle
for rights employed a politics of respectability that encouraged
ethnic pride and unity. Finally, maternal feminist approaches and
the politics of citizenship serve as reminders that gendered and
nationalist rhetoric and practices foment hierarchies within civil
and human rights organizations. Redeeming La Raza examines efforts
of activists to create a dignified place for ethnic Mexicans in
American society by challenging white supremacy and the segregated
world it spawned.
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