One of the main objectives of nature conservation in Europe is
to protect valuable cultural landscapes characterized by a mixture
of open habitats and hedges, trees and patchy woodland (semi-open
landscapes).The development of these landscapes during the past
decades has been characterized by an ongoing intensification of
land use on the one hand, and an increasing number of former
meadows and pastures becoming fallow as a result of changing
economic conditions on the other hand. Since species adapted to
open and semi-open landscapes contribute to biodiversity in Europe
in a major way, this development is of great concern to nature
conservation. In several countries largescale, nature-adapted
pastoral systems have been recognized as one solution to this
problem. These systems could offer an alternative to industrial
livestock raising and keep a high biodiversity on the landscape
level. Against the background of livestock diseases such as BSE and
Foot and Mouth Disease and the efforts to reform the Common
Agricultural Policy in the EU by changing the criteria for
agricultural subsidies, these concepts gain particular
significance.They could also represent an alternative to the
established, costly habitat management tools.
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