Helen Longino seeks to break the current deadlock in the ongoing
wars between philosophers of science and sociologists of
science--academic battles founded on disagreement about the role of
social forces in constructing scientific knowledge. While many
philosophers of science downplay social forces, claiming that
scientific knowledge is best considered as a product of cognitive
processes, sociologists tend to argue that numerous noncognitive
factors influence what scientists learn, how they package it, and
how readily it is accepted. Underlying this disagreement, however,
is a common assumption that social forces are a source of bias and
irrationality. Longino challenges this assumption, arguing that
social interaction actually assists us in securing firm, rationally
based knowledge. This important insight allows her to develop a
durable and novel account of scientific knowledge that integrates
the social and cognitive.
Longino begins with a detailed discussion of a wide range of
contemporary thinkers who write on scientific knowledge, clarifying
the philosophical points at issue. She then critically analyzes the
dichotomous understanding of the rational and the social that
characterizes both sides of the science studies stalemate and the
social account that she sees as necessary for an epistemology of
science that includes the full spectrum of cognitive processes.
Throughout, her account is responsive both to the normative uses of
the term knowledge and to the social conditions in which scientific
knowledge is produced.
Building on ideas first advanced in her influential book
"Science as Social Knowledge," Longino brings her account into
dialogue with current work in social epistemology and science
studies and shows how her critical social approach can help solve a
variety of stubborn problems. While the book focuses on
epistemological concerns related to the sociality of inquiry,
Longino also takes up its implications for scientific pluralism.
The social approach, she concludes, best allows us to retain a
meaningful concept of knowledge in the face of theoretical
plurality and uncertainty.
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