Experiments with rubber balloons and rubber sheets have led to
surprising observations, some of them hitherto unknown or not
previously described in the literature. In balloons, these
phenomena are due to the non-monotonic pressure-radius
characteristic which makes balloons a subject of interest to
physicists engaged in stability studies. Here is a situation in
which symmetry breaking and hysteresis may be studied analytically,
because the stress-stretch relations of rubber - and its non-convex
free energy - can be determined explicitly from the kinetic theory
of rubber and from non-linear elasticity. Since rubber elasticity
and the elasticity of gases are both entropy-induced, a rubber
balloon represents a compromise between the entropic tendency of a
gas to expand and the entropic tendency of rubber to contract. Thus
rubber and rubber balloons furnish instructive paradigms of
thermodynamics. This monograph treats the subject at a level
appropriate for post-graduate studies.
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