1. 1 THE STUDY OF CONFLICT Polemos Pantoon Pater Heraclitus
Conflict on all levels of organic existence is pervasive,
persistent, ubiquitous. Conflict is the universal experience of all
life forms. Organisms are bound in multiple conflict-configurations
and -coalitions, which have their own dynamic and their own logic.
This does not mean, however, that the more paroxysmal forms of
conflict behaviour, naked violence and destruction, are also
universal. Conflict and cooperation are always intertwined.
Conflicts do, however, have a propensity to gravitate towards
violence. There is, as Pettman (1975) pointed out, no accepted or
agreed list of the social units by which conflicts might be
classified. To talk of conflict in intra personal, inter-personal,
familial, group, class, ethnic, religious, intra-state or
inter-state terms is to assume, perhaps erroneously, that 'each
kind of social unit, having its own range of size, structure, and
institutions, will also have its own modes of interaction and thus
its own patterns of conflict with other social units' (Fink, 1968)
like and unlike itself. Such an assumption merits scrutiny on its
own, since, despite the plausibility of some sort of analytical
link between the parties to a conflict and the nature of the
confrontation that ensues, the link should be demonstrated and not
allowed to stand by assertion alone. This volume is devoted to one
type of analysis of conflict, the socio biological one."
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