When predictions of Einstein's theory of General Relativity are
compared against observations of our Universe, a huge inconsistency
is found. The most popular fix for this inconsistency is to
"invent" around 94% of the content of the universe: dark matter and
dark energy. The dark energy is some exotic substance responsible
for the apparent observed acceleration of the Universe. Another fix
is to modify the theory of gravity: it is entirely plausible that
Einstein's theory of General Relativity breaks down on cosmological
scales, just as Newton's theory of gravity breaks down in the
extreme gravitational field of the Sun. There are many alternative
theories of gravity, each with the aim of describing observations
of our Universe where General Relativity fails. Whether it is dark
energy or some modified theory of gravity, it is clear that there
is some "dark sector" in the Universe. In this thesis the author
constructs a unifying framework for understanding the observational
impact of general classes of dark sector theories, by formulating
equations of state for the dark sector perturbations.
General
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