METALLURGY of COPPER RY JOSEPH NEWTON Assistant Professor of
Mctsillurgy I ninrsit of Idaho Mos m, I I i ho CURTIS L. WILSON
Von, Missouri hoot of Mines and Metallurgy I Orrncr Vo rssor tf
lctallnrgy Montana hool of 1ines NK V YORK ILKY Jv SOi T S, 4NC.
LOM ON Cll PM N vK II VLL. LIMITED COPTHIOHT, 1942 BT JOSEPH NEWTON
AND CURTIS L WILSON All Rights Resented Th 9 book or any part
thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written
permission of the publisher. PREFACE The aim of this book is to
present a discussion of the various methods employed in winning
copper from its ores and in refining the metal to commercial grade.
Examples of modern practice are included to illustrate the
application of these methods, but no attempt has been ma-le to
compile a complete and exhaustive treatise on the practice all over
the world. Such a treatise might well require several volumes.
onfining the discussion largely to the extraction and refining of
r, it has been possible to touch only lightly on several related
cts because of space limitation. The chapter on ore dressing is m.
ly a summary to indicate the methods used in dressing copper ores
and the nature of the resulting concentrates. It was not possible
to consider the subject of copper alloys in any great detail. An
attempt has been made to give credit at the proper place for all
material used in the book. The authors extend their thanks to the
various mining, smelting, refining, and manufacturing companies,
and to the publishing companies for their kind and willing
cooperation. JOSEPH NEWTON CURTIS L. WILSON June, 1942 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE I. FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE 1 II. THE EXTRACTION OF
COPPER FROM ITS ORES .... 32 III.ROASTING 50 IV. SMELTING 76 V.
CONVERTING 162 VI. FIRE REFINING 188 VII. SMOKE AND OASES 226 VIII.
ELECTROLYTIC REFINING 250 IX. HVDROMEI U. LVRGY . 303 X. PROPERTIED
OF COPPER 379 XI. THE USES OF COPPER 396 XII. PRODUCTION OF COPPER
430 BIBLIOGR PIIY . . 499 NAME INDEX 501 SUBJECT INDEX 503 CHAPTER
I FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COPPER From the
beginning of recorded history until the end of the medieval period,
copper was the worlds most useful metal. Its use marked the
transitory step in the progress of civilization from the Stone Age
to the Metal Age. Although gold, owing to its sparkling yellow
color, its high luster, its resistance to corrosion and tarnish,
and its occurrence in the free or elemental state in nature, was
unquestionably the first metal to attract the attention of man, and
although in certain localities iron, 1 in the form of meteorites or
even obtained by the reduction of the oxide with charcoal, may have
been used before copper, nevertheless every ancient metal culture
was actually introduced by the use of copper. 2 In the form of pure
metal, fashioned first by the crude hammering of masses of native
copper and later by melting, and in the form of bronze, obtained by
smelting mixed tin and copper ores, it was employed originally for
ornaments and statues and then as tools, domestic utensils,
implements of war, and for every purpose in which its strength,
hardness, and toughness proved its superiority to stone, wood, and
other materials. When the methods of producing iron evolved from
the direct processes through the cast iron period to puddling,
cementation, and the crucible process, iron and steel usurped
coppers position of first importance and withthe advent of the
Bessemer and open-hearth processes, ferrous materials attained such
ease of large-scale production and such widespread use that they
almost eclipsed copper The age of electricity, however, introduced
new requirements for materials to be used in the generation and
transmission of electrical energy copper immediately entered its
rejuvenation 3 and assumed firs place in importance in the
electrical field and second in general utility in our present-day
civilization. 1 Howe, H M, The Metallography of Steel and Cast
Iron, p...
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