Mammalian spermatozoa have complex structures. The
structure-function relationship of sperm has been studied from
various viewpoints. Accumulated evidence has shown that the sperm
components undergo sequential changes from the beginning of
spermatogenesis to the time of fertilization/embryogenesis.
Structural analyses have been performed using various new
techniques of light and electron microscopy as well as
immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry in combination with
specific probes such as antibodies against sperm components.
Recently developed gene-manipulation techniques have accelerated
investigations on the events that govern the relationship between
the structure and molecular components of sperm. In addition,
animal models with gene manipulations have been shown to exhibit
various morphological and functional abnormalities that lead to
infertility.
In humans, male infertility is caused by a number of factors
such as the external environment, nutrient changes, genotoxins, and
mutagens. These factors affect not only the development of germ
cells during spermatogenesis but also the functions of mature
sperm, ultimately impairing fertilization or embryogenesis. Typical
phenotypes of impaired fertilization or embryogenesis are visible
in conditions such as azoospermia, oligozoospermia, and
teratozoospermia, which have been induced in model animals with
gene deficiencies. Thus, comparative analyses of the phenotypes
expressed by model animals carrying gene mutations and infertile
human patients should be performed in relation to the normal
(natural) fertilization process to clarify the etiology of
infertility due to male factors.
In this book, I discuss the events that occur in the normal
sperm head and govern the structure-function relationship from the
time of spermatogenesis to that of fertilization or egg activation.
In this regard, I describe dynamic modifications and maturation
events occurring in sperm-head components and compare the outcomes
of these events with the outcomes of their failure.
General
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