Support for addressing the on-going global changes needs
solutions for new scientific problems which in turn require new
concepts and tools. A key issue concerns a vast variety of
irreducible uncertainties, including extreme events of high
multidimensional consequences, e.g., the climate change. The
dilemma is concerned with enormous costs versus massive
uncertainties of extreme impacts. Traditional scientific approaches
rely on real observations and experiments. Yet no sufficient
observations exist for new problems, and "pure" experiments, and
learning by doing may be expensive, dangerous, or impossible. In
addition, the available historical observations are often
contaminated by past actions, and policies. Thus, tools are
presented for the explicit treatment of uncertainties using
"synthetic" information composed of available "hard" data from
historical observations, the results of possible experiments, and
scientific facts, as well as "soft" data from experts' opinions,
and scenarios.
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