There are many diagnostic imaging techniques for the radiological
exarmna- tion of the abdomen. Noninvasive methods include supine
and upright views of the abdomen (sometimes fluoroscopy and
decubitus films); posteroanterior (PA) views of the chest; contrast
studies of the alimentary tract; ultrasonogra- phy (US),
scintigraphy, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI). Biopsy under fluoroscopic control and angiography
are inva- sive techniques. Most of the errors described in this
book are related to faulty interpretation; others are due to
improper technique. For example, a patient with acute abdominal
pain secondary to a perforated hollow viscus may be studied only by
supine and upright views of the abdomen that do not include the
subdi- aphragmatic regions. A complementary PA view of the chest or
a left lateral decubitus film would, however, detect free air in
the pentoneal cavity that the incomplete two-film study might have
missed. Errors of techmque are due to under- or overexposure, long
exammation times or an uncooperative patient (both of which can
induce motion artIfacts), improper processing, and failure to
perform the proper standard noninvasive or mvaSlVe modalitIes for
examining the hollow viscus and the solid organs of the alimentary
tract. In order to visualize the diaphragm and the supra- and
mfradiaphragmatIc spaces, frontal and lateral chest roentgenograms
complement the standard views of the abdomen. Fluoroscopy IS of
great value m assessing diaphrag- matic motion as well as being
essential when contrast media are utilized.
General
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