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Books > Science & Mathematics > Biology, life sciences > Developmental biology
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Sex and the Developing Brain (Paperback, New)
Price: R834
Discovery Miles 8 340
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Sex and the Developing Brain (Paperback, New)
Series: Colloquium Series on the Developing Brain
Expected to ship within 2 - 4 working days
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The brains of males and females, men and women, are different-that
is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important those
differences are. Sex differences in the brain are determined by
genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes
culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The
importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans
is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out
those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals
provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope
of biologically based sex differences in the brain and
understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into
novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are
established during a developmental sensitive window by differences
in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis
produces large amounts of testosterone, which gains access to the
brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and
estrogens, which modify brain development. Major parameters that
are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death,
neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and
synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex
differences in the size of particular brain regions, the
projections between brain regions, and the number and type of
synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms
are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising
systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death
proteins. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in
the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong
gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous
neurological diseases and disorders of mental health, including but
not limited to autism, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder,
schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and
major depressive disorder. Table of Contents: Introduction / Sex
Determination versus Sex Differentiation / Masculinization,
Feminization, and Defeminization / Steroid Hormones Are Potent
Modulators of Brain Development / Sex Differences in the Brain Are
Established During a Developmental Sensitive Window / Sex
Differences in Physiology and Behavior Are Coordinated / Knockouts
of the Rule: Mice with Null Mutations of Steroid Receptors,
Steroidogenic Enzymes, and Binding Proteins / Steroids Influence
Multiple Endpoints to Organize the Brain / Cellular Mechanisms of
Steroid-Mediated Organization of the Brain / Winged Messengers:
Lessons from Birds and Flies / Sexual Differentiation of the
Primate Brain / Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain /
Overcoming the Hegemony of Hormones: Genes Matter Too / The Value
of Understanding the Effect of Sex on the Developing Brain /
References
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