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The Color of America Has Changed - How Racial Diversity Shaped Civil Rights Reform in California, 1941-1978 (Hardcover)
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The Color of America Has Changed - How Racial Diversity Shaped Civil Rights Reform in California, 1941-1978 (Hardcover)
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Historians of the Civil Rights Movement have long set their sights
on the struggles of African Americans in the South and, more
recently, North. In doing so, they either omit the West or merge it
with the North, defined as anything outside the former Confederacy.
Historians of the American West have long set the region apart from
the South and North, citing racial diversity as one of the West's
defining characteristics. This book integrates the two, examining
the Civil Rights Movement in the West in order to bring the West to
the Civil Rights Movement. In particular, it explores the challenge
that California's racial diversity posed for building a multiracial
civil rights movement, focusing on litigation and legislation
initiatives advanced by civil rights reformers (lawyers,
legislators, and advocacy organizations) on behalf of the state's
different racial groups. A tension between sameness and difference
cut through California's civil rights history. On the one hand, the
state's civil rights reformers embraced a common goal - equality of
opportunity through anti-discrimination litigation and legislation.
To this end, they often analogized the plights of racial
minorities, accentuating the racism in general that each group
faced in order to help facilitate coalition building across groups.
This tension - and its implications for the cultivation of a
multiracial civil rights movement - manifested itself from the
moment that one San Francisco-based NAACP leader expressed his wish
for "a united front of all the minority groups" in 1944. Variations
proved major enough to force the litigation down discrete paths,
reflective of how legalized segregation affected African Americans,
Japanese Americans, and Mexican Americans in different ways. This
"same but different" tension continued into the 1950s and 1960s, as
civil rights reformers ventured down anti-discrimination roads that
began where legalized segregation ended. In the end, despite their
endorsement of a common goal and calls for a common struggle,
California's civil rights reformers managed to secure little
coalescence - and certainly nothing comparable to the movement in
the South. Instead, the state's civil rights struggles unfolded
along paths that were mostly separate. The different axes of
racialized discrimination that confronted the state's different
racialized groups called forth different avenues of redress,
creating a civil rights landscape criss-crossed with color lines
rather than bi-sected by any single color line.
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