The December 1937 incident that has come to be known as the Rape
of Nanking is, without doubt, a tragedy that will not soon be
forgotten. While acknowledging that a tremendous loss of life
occurred, this study challenges the current prevailing notion that
the incident was a deliberate, planned effort on the part of the
Japanese military and analyzes events to produce an accurate
estimate of the scale of the atrocities. Drawing on Chinese,
Japanese, and English sources, Yamamoto determines that what
happened at Nanking were unfortunate atrocities of conventional war
with precedents in both Eastern and Western military history. He
concludes that post-war events such as the war crimes trials and
the impact of the Holocaust in Europe affected public opinion
regarding Nanking and led to a dramatic reinterpretation of
events.
The Rape of Nanking consisted of two distinct phases: the mass
execution of prisoners of war (as well as conscription age men who
appeared to be combatants) and the delinquent acts of individual
soldiers. The first phase, which occurred immediately after
Nanking's fall and which claimed most of the atrocity victims, was
the result of the Japanese military's attempt to clear the city of
Chinese soldiers thought to be in plain clothes. The second phase,
which lasted approximately six weeks, was horrible, but resulted in
a much smaller number of fatalities. It was characterized by
numerous criminal acts, ranging from rape and murder to arson and
theft, committed by unrestrained Japanese soldiers. The root cause
for both phases was the Japanese military's bureaucratic
inefficiency and command irresponsibility. While both Chinese and
American contemporary sources initially attributed the incident to
these causes, subsequent Japanese atrocities against both military
and civilian Allied personnel during World War II and evidence
presented at war crimes trials would come to reshape perceptions of
the Nanking events as an Asian counterpart to the Nazi
Holocaust.
General
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