The management of small water supplies presents a unique challenge
globally, in countries at all stages of development. A combination
of lack of resources, limited understanding of the risks and poor
expertise means that individuals and communities may face serious
health risks from these supplies. This is not only due to
microbiological contamination, but also from contamination by
metals, either due to natural or man-made contamination of the
source water or through leaching from plumbing materials due to
inadequate conditioning and corrosion inhibition and use of
inappropriate materials. This Best Practice Guide aims to share
best practice and experience from around the world on a practical
level. It looks at general issues relating to small supplies and
ways of managing these, adopting a Water Safety Plan approach to
deliver sound and lasting improvements to quality. Management
techniques and treatment relating to specific metals will be
covered, from a theoretical and practical perspective, to deliver a
publication that will act as an authoritative guide for all those
faced with the problem of ensuring the quality of a small water
supply. Varied case-studies will help to illustrate issues and ways
in which they have been resolved. Table of contents The
Difficulties of Managing Water Quality in Small Water Supplies;
What are Small Supplies?; The Management and Regulation of Small
Water Supplies; The Vulnerability of Small Water Supplies to
Contamination by Metals; Water Safety Plans for Small Water
Supplies; Making WSPs Work for Small Supplies; Teamwork- The Value
of a WSP Team; A Practical Guide to Developing a WSP for a Small
Supply; Practical Guidance for Risk Assessments; Establishing the
Metals Problem: Risk Assessment, Sampling and Analysis; The Range
of Possible Problems; Metal Solubility and Influencing Factors;
Risk Assessment of Small Water Supply Systems; Sampling and
Analysis; Consumer Awareness; Sources of Metals in Small Water
Supplies; Origin of Contaminants; Contamination of Surface Waters;
Contamination of Ground Water; Contamination from Treatment
Processes; Contamination in Distribution Pipework; Contamination
from Plumbing Fittings; Water Treatment Processes Available for Use
on Small Water Systems; Process Selection; Types of Treatment;
Practical Considerations of Treatment for Metals in Small Water
Supplies; Iron; Manganese; Conditioning of Water to Prevent
Dissolution of Plumbing Materials or Post-treatment Contamination;
Treatment is Only Part of the Story; Indications and Effects of
Post-treatment Metal Contamination in Small Water Supplies;
Establishing the Source of the Problem; Factors Controlling the
Corrosion of Metals into Small Water Supplies; The Conditioning of
Water to Minimise Corrosion; Manual of Individual Metals in Small
Water Supplies, Aluminium, Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese,
Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Tin, Tungsten, Uranium, Vanadium, Zinc;
Case Studies; Arsenic removal in Small Supplies in Italy; A New
Borehole Supply with Iron Removal for a Single Property in England,
UK; Metals in Small Water Supplies in Areas of Water Scarcity in
African Regions; Unexplained Lead Contamination of a Small Water
Supply in Northern Scotland EDITORS Matt Bower, Drinking Water
Quality Regulator for Scotland, UK Colin Hayes, Swansea University,
UK
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