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Cytokeratins in Intracranial and Intraspinal Tissues (Paperback)
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Cytokeratins in Intracranial and Intraspinal Tissues (Paperback)
Series: Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, 126
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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1. 1 The Cytokeratins as a Member of the Intermediate Filament
Protein Family Intermediate filaments together with microtubules
and actin microfilaments make up the filamentous cytoskeleton found
in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells. Recently, intermediate
filament proteins have also been described in invertebrates, but
their chemistry is not yet known (for review see Biessmann and
Walter 1989). These filaments (about 10 nm in diameter) used to be
categorized into five classes - cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin,
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilaments (NFs).
The expression of these proteins follows differentiation-dependent
rules: cytokeratins occur in epi- thelial cells, NF proteins are
expressed in neurons, GFAP in astrocytes and some nonglial cells,
desmin in smooth muscle cells and in striated myocytes, and
vimentin in mesenchymal cells (for review see Lazarides 1980;
Osborn and Weber 1983). Recent investigations including
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein sequencing and peptide
mapping have redefined the intermediate filaments into five types
or subfamilies (type I, acidic cytokeratins; type II, basic
cytokeratins; type III, vimentin, desmin, peripherin, and GFAP;
type IV, the three NF proteins; and type V, the nuclear lamins (for
review see Nagle 1988). A new type VI intermediate filament
protein, nestin, has been described in the developing nervous
system (Lendahl et al. 1990), and is initially co- expressed with
vimentin in neuroepithelial stem cells (Steinert and Liem 1990).
The cytokeratins are the most complex subgroup of intermediate
filament proteins.
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