In Ruling the Root, Milton Mueller uses the theoretical
framework of institutional economics to analyze the global policy
and governance problems created by the assignment of Internet
domain names and addresses. "The root" is the top of the domain
name hierarchy and the Internet address space. It is the only point
of centralized control in what is otherwise a distributed and
voluntaristic network of networks. Both domain names and IP numbers
are valuable resources, and their assignment on a coordinated basis
is essential to the technical operation of the Internet. Mueller
explains how control of the root is being leveraged to control the
Internet itself in such key areas as trademark and copyright
protection, surveillance of users, content regulation, and
regulation of the domain name supply industry.Control of the root
originally resided in an informally organized technical elite
comprised mostly of American computer scientists. As the Internet
became commercialized and domain name registration became a
profitable business, a six-year struggle over property rights and
the control of the root broke out among Internet technologists,
business and intellectual property interests, international
organizations, national governments, and advocates of individual
rights. By the late 1990s, it was apparent that only a new
international institution could resolve conflicts among the
factions in the domain name wars. Mueller recounts the fascinating
process that led to the formation of a new international regime
around ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers. In the process, he shows how the vaunted freedom and
openness of the Internet is being diminished by the
institutionalization of the root.
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