This book describes the application of a novel technology for beam
instrumentation and luminosity measurement and first results on a
cutting edge technology potentially to be used after the upgrade of
the Large Hadron Collider to higher luminosity. It presents a
unique diamond-based luminometer with a detailed performance study.
The online bunch-by-bunch luminosity measurements provide an
invaluable feedback to the Collider for beam optimisation and for
the understanding of beam dynamics. The precision of the luminosity
measurement is crucial for all physics analyses. This book
highlights the Van der Meer method, which is used for the
calibration of the luminometers of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid)
experiment, and describes the estimate of systematic uncertainties,
e.g. due to radiation damage of sensors and electronics and
uncertainties of beam parameters. For the future high-luminosity
upgrade of the collider, sapphire sensors are investigated in a
test beam. It is demonstrated for the first time that sapphire
sensors can be used as single particle detectors. A model for the
charge transport in sapphire is developed and successfully applied.
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