In "The Allure of Labor," Paulo Drinot rethinks the social politics
of early-twentieth-century Peru. Arguing that industrialization was
as much a cultural project as an economic one, he describes how
intellectuals and policymakers came to believe that
industrialization and a modern workforce would transform Peru into
a civilized nation. Preoccupied with industrial progress but wary
of the disruptive power of organized labor, these elites led the
Peruvian state into new areas of regulation and social intervention
designed to protect and improve the modern, efficient worker, whom
they understood to be white or mestizo. Their thinking was shaped
by racialized assumptions about work and workers inherited from the
colonial era and inflected through scientific racism and
positivism.
Although the vast majority of laboring peoples in Peru were
indigenous, in the minds of social reformers indigeneity was not
commensurable with labor: Indians could not be workers and were
therefore excluded from the labor policies enacted in the 1920s and
1930s and, more generally, from elite conceptions of industrial
progress. Drinot shows how the incommensurability of indigeneity
with labor was expressed in the 1920 constitution, in specific
labor policies, and in the activities of state agencies created to
oversee collective bargaining and provide workers with affordable
housing, inexpensive food, and social insurance. He argues that the
racialized assumptions of the modernizing Peruvian state are
reflected in the enduring inequalities of present-day Peru.
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