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Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity (Hardcover)
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Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity (Hardcover)
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Genetic diversity, or the variety of genes within a species, plays
important roles in phenotypic diversity and the species' ability to
adapt to environments. Studies of genetic diversity mainly focus on
two areas. The first area is concerned with understanding and
characterizing genetic diversity in humans, animals, plants, and
microbes. The second focus area is exploiting genetic diversity for
the purposes of medicine, agriculture, and conservation. To help
readers appreciate the wide range of research questions on genetic
diversity and how molecular approaches are utilized to address
these questions, this book is organized into three chapters to
showcase selected studies of genetic diversity in humans, animals
and plants, and microbes, respectively. The post-genomic era
provides powerful tools for the studies of genetic diversity. For
example, as of 2016, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
database maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) lists ~150 million SNPs. The huge amount of
available genomic information greatly facilitates genome-wide
association studies (GWAS). GWAS has been applied to the studies of
various human diseases including cancer, heart diseases and
diabetes. In agriculture, GWAS is used to identify genomic regions
associated with desirable breeding traits in cattle or agronomic
traits in plants. Thanks to the advancement in sequencing
technology, it has become feasible and increasingly routine to
sequence multi-gene panels, exomes, and whole genomes. These
approaches are being widely used for the investigation of genetic
variants-of-interest as well as genetic diagnosis. Gene panels
offer a quick way to interrogate a panel of genes that are known to
be associated with a specific disease or condition. Compared to
sequencing of gene panels, whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole
genome sequencing (WGS) cost more for each sample but generate much
larger amount of data such that the cost per variant is
significantly less. By interrogating millions of variants per
genome, WES/WGS can be very powerful in identify new variants that
are associated with diseases, disease risks, or prognosis. Another
important technological development is gene editing technology.
Genetic diversity in plants and animals provide the raw material
for crop and livestock breeders, respectively. Gene editing
technology greatly enhances the efficiency of breeding by allowing
breeders to create transgenic elite lines and manipulate multiple
loci simultaneously.
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