Although seemingly bizarre and barbaric in modern times, trial
by ordeal-the subjection of the accused to undergo harsh tests such
as walking over hot irons or being bound and cast into water-played
an integral, and often staggeringly effective, role in justice
systems for centuries.
In "Trial by Fire and Water," Robert Bartlett examines the
workings of trial by ordeal from the time of its first appearance
in the barbarian law codes, tracing its use by Christian societies
down to its last days as a test for witchcraft in modern Europe and
America. Bartlett presents a critique of recent theories about the
operation and the decline of the practice, and he attempts to make
sense of the ordeal as a working institution and to explain its
disappearance. Finally, he considers some of the general historical
problems of understanding a society in which religious beliefs were
so fundamental.
Robert Bartlett is Wardlaw Professor of Medieval History at the
University of St. Andrews.
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