In medieval Japan (14th-16th centuries), it was customary for elite
families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned
Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in
Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys
reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others
entered the priesthood, and several extended their education,
becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as
personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious
ceremonies-adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair
styled in long ponytails-they entertained local donors and pilgrims
with music and dance. Stories of acolytes (chigo monogatari) from
the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries form the basis of the present
volume, an original and detailed literary analysis of six tales
coupled with a thorough examination of the sociopolitical,
religious, and cultural matrices that produced these texts. Sachi
Schmidt-Hori begins by delineating various dimensions of chigo (the
chigo "title," personal names, gender, sexuality, class, politics,
and religiosity) to show the complexity of this cultural
construct-the chigo as a triply liminal figure who is neither male
nor female, child nor adult, human nor deity. A modern reception
history of chigo monogatari follows, revealing, not surprisingly,
that the tales have often been interpreted through cultural
paradigms rooted in historical moments and worldviews far removed
from the original. From the 1950s to 1980s, research on chigo was
hindered by widespread homophobic prejudice. More recently,
aversion to the age gap in historical master-acolyte relations has
prevented scholars from analyzing the religious and political
messages underlying the genre. Schmidt-Hori's work calls for a
shift in the hermeneutic strategies applied to chigo and chigo
monogatari and puts forth both a nuanced historicization of social
constructs such as gender, sexuality, age, and agency, and a mode
of reading propelled by curiosity and introspection.
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