What is it for you to be conscious? There is no agreement whatever
in philosophy or science: it has remained a hard problem, a
mystery. Is this partly or mainly owed to the existing theories not
even having the same subject, not answering the same question? In
Actual Consciousness, Ted Honderich sets out to supersede dualisms,
objective physicalisms, abstract functionalism, general
externalisms, and other positions in the debate. He argues that the
theory of Actualism, right or wrong, is unprecedented, in nine
ways. (1) It begins from gathered data and proceeds to an adequate
initial clarification of consciousness in the primary ordinary
sense. This consciousness is summed up as something's being actual.
(2) Like basic science, Actualism proceeds from this metaphorical
or figurative beginning to what is wholly literal and
explicit-constructed answers to the questions of what is actual and
what it is for it to be actual. (3) In so doing, the theory
respects the differences of consciousness within perception,
consciousness that is thinking in a generic sense, and
consciousness that is generic wanting. (4) What is actual with your
perceptual consciousness is a part or stage of a subjective
physical world out there, very likely a room, a world differently
real from the objective physical world, that other division of the
physical world. (5) What it is for the myriad subjective physical
worlds to be actual is for them to be subjectively physical, which
is exhaustively characterized. (6) What is actual with cognitive
and affective consciousness is affirmed or valued representations.
The representations being actual, which is essential to their
nature, is their being differently subjectively physical from the
subjective physical worlds. (7) Actualism, naturally enough when
you think of it, but unlike any other existing general theory of
consciousness, is thus externalist with perceptual consciousness
but internalist with respect to cognitive and affective
consciousness. (8) It satisfies rigorous criteria got from
examination of the failures of the existing theories. In
particular, it explains the role of subjectivity in thinking about
consciousness, including a special subjectivity that is
individuality. (9) Philosophers and scientists have regularly said
that thinking about consciousness requires just giving up the old
stuff and starting again. Actualism does this. Science is served by
this main line philosophy, which is concentration on the logic of
ordinary intelligence-clarity, consistency and validity,
completeness, generality.
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