What is it for you to be conscious? There is no agreement whatever
in philosophy or science: it has remained a hard problem, a
mystery. Is this partly or mainly owed to the existing theories not
even having the same subject, not answering the same question? In
Actual Consciousness, Ted Honderich sets out to supersede dualisms,
objective physicalisms, abstract functionalism, externalisms, and
other positions in the debate. He argues that the theory of
Actualism, right or wrong, is unprecedented, in nine ways. (1) It
begins from gathered data and proceeds to an adequate initial
clarification of consciousness in the primary ordinary sense. This
consciousness is summed up as something's being actual. (2) Like
basic science, Actualism proceeds from this metaphorical or
figurative beginning to what is wholly literal and
explicit-constructed answers to the questions of what is actual and
what it is for it to be actual. (3) In so doing, the theory
respects the differences of consciousness within perception,
consciousness that is thinking in a generic sense, and
consciousness that is generic wanting. (4) What is actual with your
perceptual consciousness is a subjective physical world out there,
very likely a room, differently real from the objective physical
world, that other division of the physical world. (5) What it is
for the myriad subjective physical worlds to be actual is for them
to be subjectively physical, which is exhaustively characterized.
(6) What is actual with cognitive and affective consciousness is
affirmed or valued representations. The representations being
actual, which is essential to their nature, is their being
differently subjectively physical from the subjective physical
worlds. (7) Actualism, naturally enough when you think of it, but
unlike any other existing general theory of consciousness, is thus
externalist with perceptual consciousness but internalist with
respect to cognitive and affective consciousness. (8) It satisfies
rigorous criteria got from examination of the failures of the
existing theories. In particular, it explains the role of
subjectivity in thinking about consciousness, including a special
subjectivity that is individuality. (9) Philosophers and scientists
have regularly said that thinking about consciousness requires just
giving up the old stuff and starting again. Actualism does this.
Science is served by this main line philosophy, which is
concentration on the logic of ordinary intelligence-clarity,
consistency and validity, completeness, generality.
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