How the breeding of new animals and plants was central to fascist
regimes in Italy, Portugal, and Germany and to their imperial
expansion. In the fascist regimes of Mussolini's Italy, Salazar's
Portugal, and Hitler's Germany, the first mass mobilizations
involved wheat engineered to take advantage of chemical
fertilizers, potatoes resistant to late blight, and pigs that
thrived on national produce. Food independence was an early goal of
fascism; indeed, as Tiago Saraiva writes in Fascist Pigs, fascists
were obsessed with projects to feed the national body from the
national soil. Saraiva shows how such technoscientific organisms as
specially bred wheat and pigs became important elements in the
institutionalization and expansion of fascist regimes. The pigs,
the potatoes, and the wheat embodied fascism. In Nazi Germany, only
plants and animals conforming to the new national standards would
be allowed to reproduce. Pigs that didn't efficiently convert
German-grown potatoes into pork and lard were eliminated. Saraiva
describes national campaigns that intertwined the work of
geneticists with new state bureaucracies; discusses fascist
empires, considering forced labor on coffee, rubber, and cotton in
Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Eastern Europe; and explores fascist
genocides, following Karakul sheep from a laboratory in Germany to
Eastern Europe, Libya, Ethiopia, and Angola. Saraiva's highly
original account-the first systematic study of the relation between
science and fascism-argues that the "back to the land" aspect of
fascism should be understood as a modernist experiment involving
geneticists and their organisms, mass propaganda, overgrown
bureaucracy, and violent colonialism.
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