This thesis studies various aspects of non-critical strings both as
an example of a non-trivial and solvable model of quantum gravity
and as a consistent approximation to the confining flux tube in
quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It proposes and develops a new
technique for calculating the finite volume spectrum of confining
flux tubes. This technique is based on approximate integrability
and it played a game-changing role in the study of confining
strings. Previously, a theoretical interpretation of available high
quality lattice data was impossible, because the conventional
perturbative expansion for calculating the string spectra was badly
asymptotically diverging in the regime accessible on the lattice.
With the new approach, energy levels can be calculated for much
shorter flux tubes than was previously possible, allowing for a
quantitative comparison with existing lattice data. The improved
theoretical control makes it manifest that existing lattice data
provides strong evidence for a new pseudoscalar particle localized
on the QCD fluxtube - the worldsheet axion. The new technique paves
a novel and promising path towards understanding the dynamics of
quark confinement.
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