In the decades following the Civil War, white southerners
throughout the region created a system of racial segregation
designed to perpetuate white supremacy, guarantee white leadership,
and keep black southerners in their place. For over half a century,
this brutal, violent, and inhumane system penalized both races
educationally, socially, and economically. This collection of
speeches examines the conditions that made a Civil Rights Movement
necessary, ranging from early supporters of civil rights for
African Americans to defenders of segregation, as well as what
enabled the movement to triumph. Towns includes many speeches by
lesser-known persons, such as Fannie Lou Hamer and James M. Lawson
Jr.
After World War II, as new opportunities for education, travel,
and economic growth for southerners in general and black
southerners in particular, a major social movement swept the
region. By the mid- to late-1960s, a significant revolution in
southern folkways and culture had occurred. By 1965, southern
blacks had achieved first-class citizenship under the laws of the
land, in spite of the oratorical tirades and the ugly violence of
southern white supremacist demagogues. The rhetoric and leadership
of many black grassroots activists, along with a solid cadre of
white support, created an environment in which the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 finally leveled the
playing field.
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