Authorized by Congress in 1889, the Cherokee Commission was
formed to negotiate the purchase of huge areas of land from the
Cherokees, Ioways, Pawnees, Poncas, Tonakawas, Wichitas, Cheyennes,
Arapahos, Sac and Fox, and other tribes in Indian Territory. Some
humanitarian reformers argued that dissolving tribal holdings into
individual private properties would help "civilize" the Indians and
speed their assimilation into American culture. Whatever the
hoped-for effects, the coerced sales opened to white settlement the
vast "unused" expanses of land that had been held communally by the
tribes. In Taking Indian Lands, William T. Hagan presents a
detailed and disturbing account of the deliberations between the
Cherokee Commission and the tribes.
Often called the Jerome Commission after its leading negotiator,
David H. Jerome, the commission intimidated Indians into first
accepting allotment in severalty and then selling to the United
States, at it price, the fifteen million acres declared surplus
after allotment. This land then went to white settlers, making
possible the state of Oklahoma at the expense of the Indian tribes
who had held claim to it.
Hagan has mined nearly two thousand pages of commission journals
in the National Archives to reveal the commissioners' dramatic
rhetoric and strategies and the Indian responses. He also records
the words of tribal leaders as they poignantly defended their
attachment to the land and expressed their fears of how their lives
would be changed.
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