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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease caused by
the abnormal growth and development of early non-granular white
blood cells, or lymphoblasts. ALL occurs predominantly in children,
peaking at 4 years of age. Interferons (IFNs) are the biological
agents involved in the antiviral responses and the inhibition of
tumor growth. In oncology, the IFNs are an important treatment
options for a number of solid tumors and hematological
malignancies. The IFN- 1gene consists of 840 bp and it lacks intron
sequences. Seventy patients suffering from Childhood Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia were studied and analyzed for mutation
analysis of IFN- 1. So, 58.3% of the patients suffering from ALL
were observed and compared with 41.7% normal DNA samples as
control. PCR was performed and amplified gene products were
detected on agarose gel and PAGE. Finally, SSCP was performed and
mobility shift was observed in 7 out of 70 ALL samples. We observed
that ALL disease typically develops in children ages 1-10 years old
and is more prevalent in males than females. Mutation in the IFN- 1
gene was significantly related to 1-5 years in case of association
of mutation with age.
Synthetic insecticides has long been involved in causing fetal
diseases to human beings as well as cattle. Importance of
biological control of insect pests is aan environment friendly
approach. With advances in biotechnology, recombinant bacteria and
other organisms are being developed for better control of insect
pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) holds a central place among
biocontrol agents. BT produces parasporal crystal proteins (Cry
toxin) during sporulation phase of its growth. These toxins have
defined spectra of toxicity to the target insects only, without
doing any harm to friend insects. More than 260 Cry toxins have
been reported so far. Of which Cry2 is toxic to lepidopteran as
well as dipteran insects. When enters the insect midgut, the toxin
gets activated by proteases present in the insect midgut, make
holes in the gut, as a result insect loses homeostasis and
eventually die without feeding.
Transition metals affect the viability of organisms and are
fundamental and limiting factors at the same time, since they
represent nutritionally important yet cytotoxic components in our
environment. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry cellular systems
to maintain the metal homeostasis.Metallothioneins (MTs) are 6-7
kDa, ubiquitous, cytoplasmic, cysteine rich proteins, which have
the capacity of high affinity binding to heavy metal ions. MTs play
key role in essential as well as toxic heavy metal metabolism in
the organisms. The ciliates tolerate elevated concentrations of
metals, which are accumulated, bound to MTs peculiar to these
organisms. The MT genes of Tetrahymena tropicalis lahorensis subsp.
nov. and Euplotes muscicola SBSrc subsp. nov., tolerating about 500
uM copper in the medium have been described. Gene of copper MT in
T. t. lahorensis was amplified using genomic DNA as well as cDNA as
template. The cDNA coding for the two isoforms was cloned and
sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of one isoform consists of 300,
while that of the other has 327 nucleotides. This study provides
detailed information about the nucleotide and amino acid sequences
of both these isoforms."
The enteric pathogens isolated from diarrhoeal patients admitted to
different hospitals of Azad Jammu & Kashmir were analyzed for
antibiotic resistance and correlated with genetic elements in the
bacteria.Salmonella spp. was the most frequently detected (35.8 %)
enteropathogen followed by Escherichia coli (34.3 %), Shigella
spp.(25.8 %) and Campylobacter spp. (4.1 %). The isolates of
Shigella spp. showed highest resistance against penicillin, E. coli
and Campylobacter spp. against carbenicillin, and Salmonella spp.
were highly resistant to ampicillin.The most common pattern of
antibiotic resistance was penicillin, carbenicillin and ampicillin
in Shigella spp.; carbenicillin, ampicillin and ceftizoxime in E.
coli;ampicillin, carbenicillin and streptomycin in Salmonella spp.;
and carbenicillin, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in Campylobacter
spp. The drug resistant bacteria were analyzed for the presence of
plasmid DNA. Since the plasmid DNA is implicated for drug resistant
gene(s), curing bacteria of plasmid abolished drug resistance,
whereas transformation of plasmid-less bacteria with the plasmids
isolated from drug resistant bacteria made the transformants drug
resistant.
Synthetic insecticides have been effectively used during past
several decades to control variety of insects and crop pests. The
use of chemical insecticides has been greatly impeded due to
development of physiological resistance in the vectors,
environmental pollution and harmful effects on beneficial
non-target animals. Therefore, the need of alternate, more
effective and environment-friendly control agents became
imperative.In this study, out of twenty two B.t isolates from the
soil, six were found significantly toxic to 3rd instar larvae of
Anopheles stephensi. One isolate SBS B.t 45, which was found to be
most toxic, harbored all Cry4 proteins viz., Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry4C
and Cry4D. The recombinant purified Cry4A and Cry4B proteins of
this isolate were 3660, 500, 1160, and 2 folds for Cry4A, and 2555,
349, 1005 and 2 folds for Cry4B, more toxic to mosquito larvae when
compared with their respective spores, total B.t. cell proteins,
organisms transformed with cry4 genes, and isolated recombinant
crude proteins of organisms transformed with cry4 genes,
respectively. These isolates have strong potential to develop into
a biopesticidal formulation for control of mosquitoes
Cancer is an un-control growth of cells. Cancer cells grow in an
abnormal fashion, crowd out the normal cells. Liver is the largest
organ inside the body; hepatocellular carcinoma is a cancer arising
from liver. Laryngeal cancer affects the larynx, which is often
called voice box, common in males. Lung cancer is the deadliest
cancer in the world, leading cause of death from cancer in men.
Multiple gene mutations are involved in cancer pathology. Type I
interferons (IFN, IFN, IFN ) are the proteins involved in cell
signaling and growth. This study was conducted to determine whether
mutation in IFN 1 plays a significant role in liver, larynx and
lung cancer. Paraffin embedded tissues of liver, larynx and lung
were used for DNA isolation. SSCP technique was used to detect
mutation. Only two samples of lung carcinoma shows the mobility
shift on SSCP gel. It was observed that people in older age have
more chances of cancer. In general population, males are more prone
to larynx and lung cancer than female. Significant values were
observed (p
This book provides up to date information about the status of
beekeeping and honey industry in South East Asia. It include,
origin of honeybees, a comprehensive account about all discovered
honeybee species based on their reproductive isolation, South East
Asian fauna of honeybees, floral sources in general, availability
of various nectar sources during different seasons of the year,
present beekeeping trends, beekeeping as a source of income for
poor, importance of honey as food and medicine, International
Parameters to evaluate honey quality including factors affecting
it, variation in honey composition based on honeybee species,
storage effect on shelf life of honey. We extend our thanks to Mr
Zahid Rehman and Mr Qasim Rehman in complying this book into pdf
format.
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