Background/Context: Emergency situations caused by natural climatic disasters like floods, earth quakes or land sliding are the major limiting factors for the achievement of educating children in their normal schooling. People surviving from the horror left shell-shocked, bewildered, passive and profoundly traumatized. Similar situation emerged when Tori Bund broke; a number of districts in Sindh which were at a considerable distance from the Indus River were massively affected by the floods; including Kashmore, Jacobabad, Qambar Shahdadkot and northern Shikarpur. (Wikipedia.pakflood 2011. This resulted in large scale infrastructure damage and human displacement from the both the banks of River Indus. Those Internally Displaced People (IDP) were settled in different schools. The IDP children education was naturally abandoned because they had to leave their schools. The education of regular students was also suspended because they had to evacuate the schools for the IDPs. Purpose: It became a matter of immense importance to know the feelings of the tangible stake holders about schooling, by which I mean the children of both categories; IDP children and those of ABC school.

The phytohormone salicylic acid is found in plants with roles in photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake, transport, plant growth and development. It is involved in cell signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens. Because of the economic importance, the seed metabolism epecially the accumulation of storage products, became a subject of intensive investigation. The book offers comprehensive understanding of the bochemical changes induced by salicylic acid during seed development and germination of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The book focuses on the changes in Ascorbate peroxidase, acid phosphatase, a-amylase, sucrose synthase and protein contents during the seed development and grmination in pea. In additon to these biochemical studies, the yield and yield components has also been anlysed for salicylic acid treated pea plants. The experiments are well planned and the conclusions are based on data analysis. The current work on seed development and germination in pea will serve as a foundation for further studies in both key phases of pea life cycle. The book is specifically useful for the researchers working/searhing new growth regulators.

Soils of Pakistan have free CaCO3, alkaline pH and low organic matter. Consequently, nutrient disorders seem among the most critical factors of crop production, particularly in salt-affected soils. The essentially of P and Zn for plants has been established long ago but interaction effects on economic yields of crops are still controversial. Wheat is the most important cereal crop in the world. In a pot study on wheat grown on salt-affected soil, results indicated that mean number of tillers per pot, height of fertile tillers, straw dry weight, 1000-grain weight and P uptake in straw was recorded maximum with control closely followed by T5 (P @ 150 kg ha-1 + Zn @ 10 kg ha-1) while Zn concentration was maximum in straw and grains, P uptake by grains, Zn uptake by straw and grains with P @ 150 kg ha-1 + Zn @ 10 kg ha-1. However, when P-Zn interactions were investigated, it was observed that application of 150 kg P ha-1 & 10 kg Zn ha-1 could be the appropriate fertilizer combination for significant increase in growth and yield of wheat in salt-affected soil. Moreover, adverse effect of salinity/sodicity can be minimized by increasing the fertility status of the salt-affected soil.

Pakistan has the largest contiguous gravity flow canal irrigation system, but is falling short of good-quality water due to increased cropping intensity and increased demands for households and industry over the years. In Pakistan the agriculturally important areas are arid or semi-arid where freshwater supplies are limited to meet crop water requirements especially at critical stages. This shortage is being fulfilled by exploiting groundwater resources which is mostly brackish in nature. We evaluated the growth response of wheat and berseem crops to brackish water during reclamation of dense saline-sodic soils. The cyclic irrigation of CW and TW along with the application of gypsum @ 100% SGR or FM or with auger hole 60 m-2 refilled with gypsum and rice husk (1:1 ratio) remained better in lowering ECe, pHs and SAR and produced maximum grain and straw yields of wheat as well as berseem fodder. Overall, it was concluded that low quality waters could be exploited for irrigation on marginal salt-affected soils.

The aim of this book was to provide basic knowledge of the art for the development of controlled release matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium with synthetic (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose) and natural (Xanthine Gum) hydrophilic polymers using different concentrations by direct compression technique and to comparatively evaluate the formulations on the basis of in-vitro and in-vivo parameters. An in-vivo study was conducted on rabbits and the results were calculated using different software like SPSS and Kinetica. In conventional pharmaceutics, matrix based tablet formulations are considered economical and easy to manufacture. This book would be helpful for the students who are involved in the matrix based formulation development at MS and PhD level.

Although various analytical techniques are available for the evaluation of drugs, chromatographic analysis are considered better due to the their stability, reproducibility and sensitivity. In recent years, the development of HPLC methods for the determination of drugs has attracted considerable attention of pharmacokineticians due to their importance in the quality control tests of drugs and their formulations. A world wide competition is in progress for developing rapid, convenient and sensitive HPLC methods in quality control testing. This book provides basic guidelines for the HPLC calibration, and method development for the rapid quantification of cetrizine. This method was validated and applied for the determination of cetrizine in tablets and their stability studies. This book is useful to the pharmacokineticians who are interested in the development and validation of stability indicating HPLC methods for cetrizine HCl and other drugs of same physico-chemical properties.

Some years ago, raw herbs, their powders and rarely extracts were employed as remedy against various ailments. Later on chemical based drugs replaced this traditional mode of therapy. In recent years, herbal products particularly the formulations containing herbal extracts are reviving because of no or nominal side effects. This book provides a comprehensive introduction of fenugreek seeds. It also presents traditional applications of fenugreek seeds in wound healing, skin moisturizing and wrinkle treatment. This report also encompasses the obtention of fenugreek seed methanolic extract, preparation of w/o emulsion based cream containing extract and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of the formulations. This book is also useful to the herbalists who are interested in the preparation of stable creams containing extracts and their characterization.

The increasing number of patients with chronic diseases implies the necessity of developing drugs for a longer period and taking a lot of medicines simultaneously, which may lead to a decrease in patient compliance. This problem is serious for drugs with short biological half lives because they must be taken more frequently. A solution might be the development of a dosage form capable of releasing the drug gradually. In this regard, microencapsulation has been used as one of the methods to construct a formulation for delivering the drug in a controlled mode. This book provides chemistry of salbutamol sulphate, tramadol hydrochloride, diclofenac sodium and ethylcellulose, physics of drug release through particle wall and use of microparticles in life sciences. Microparticles were prepared by using three different microencapsulation techniques i.e. coacervation thermal change, solvent evaporation and coacervation non-solvent addition by adjusting the ratio of drug to ethylcellulose (release retardant material). This presentation narrates a complete guideline from formulation development by microencapsulation to the conductance of biowaiver study.

A collection of hadiths regarding the tafseer (explanations) for various ayats in Quran.

A collection of hadiths from Masoomeen (asws) regarding the tafseer (explanation) of various Quranic ayahs