Severe sepsis and septic shock are the most serious compli cations of bacterial infections. Both gram-positive and gram negative bacteria can trigger these extreme inflammatory re sponses and, by so doing, cause substantial morbidity and mortality. In the United States alone, over 400 000 patients suffer from septicaemia each year, and approximately 100 000 of these patients die despite optimal intensive care and modern antimicrobial therapy. These dramatic figures have prompted intensive research to define the bacterial and host factors involved in the septic response. Scientists from many disciplines, including chem istry, physics, biology, medical microbiology, immunology, and pharmacology, have worked closely with clinicians to achieve rapid and profound progress. To translate this newly acquired knowledge into clinical practice, clinical trials have also been performed to evaluate numerous new therapeutic drugs. The disappointing results from these trials have underscored a major lesson, namely, that sepsis constitutes an extremely complex syndrome and that basic and clinical research must be greatly intensified in order to illuminate its molecular mechan isms. At this stage, the editors of the present volume of Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology considered it would be rewarding to compile a volume summarizing our present basic and clinical knowledge on sepsis. Our particular gratitude extends to those international experts who have followed our invitation and elaborated on particular areas of the basic and clinical aspects of this field."

Most lymphocytes recirculate throughout the body, migrating from blood through organized lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP), then to lymph and back to blood (GOWANS and KNIGHT 1964). Smaller numbers of lymphocytes migrate from blood to extranodal tissues such as pancreas and then through lymphatic vessels to LN (MACKAY et al. 1990). An important feature of this migration is the ability of lymphocytes to recognize and adhere to the surface of blood vessel endothelial cells before migrating through the vessel wall into surrounding tissue (CARLOS and HARLAN 1994; IMHOF and DUNON 1995; BUTCHER and PICKER 1996). Adhesion interactions of vascular endothelium with lymphocytes under flow or shear consist of at least four steps: (I) an initial transient sticking or rolling; (2) if the lymphocytes encounter appropriate activating or chemotactic factors in the local environment, rolling may be followed by a lymphocyte activation step that then leads to; (3) strong adhesion or sticking that may be followed by; (4) lym phocyte diapedesis into tissue (BUTCHER 1991; SHIMUZU et al. 1992; SPRINGER 1994; BARGATZE et al. 1995). Specific lymphocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules (AM) are involved in each step of this "adhesion cascade" (reviewed in CARLOS and HARLAN 1994; IMHOF and DUNON 1995; BUTCHER and PICKER 1996). This allows lymphocyte migration to be controlled at several different steps, leading to a combinatorial increase in specificity and sensitivity."

Our current understanding of a/~ T cell receptor (TCR) ex pressing T cells advanced from function and specificity to the molecular organization ofthe TCR.We now know that the TCR a and ~ chains together express specificity for (antigenic) peptides presented by the "responder" M H C allele, thus explain ing the phenomenon of MHC restriction at a molecular level. Surprisingly even though our perception of the molecular organization of the y5 TCR is well advanced, current knowledge of function and specificity of the y5 T cell subset is poor. There fore it appeared rather timely to bring together scientists pioneering research on y5 T cells forthe International Workshop on Function and Specificity ofy5 Tcells,held October11-14, 1990 at Schloss Elmau/Bavaria, FRG. Besides offering a scientific forum for open discussions, it was also hoped that such a workshop would be seminal for collaborative interactions and personal relationships among scientists "addicted" to y 15 T cells.

On occasion, the innate immune system is referred to as the "primitive" immune system. Perhaps this has dissuaded immu nologists from analyzing it as energetically as they have analyzed the adaptive immune system during the past two decades. But while its phylogenetic origins are indeed ancient, and though it is "of the first type", there is nothing crude, nothing unsophisti cated, and nothing "inferior" about innate immunity. On the contrary, the innate immune system has had time to achieve a level of refinement that is nothing short of dazzling, and a modicum of respect is at long last due. Any immune system has two cardinal functions. It must destroy a broad range of pathogens, and it must spare the host. The adaptive immune system has applied a modular solution to these problems. Each cell of the adaptive immune system is prescreened to eliminate those that would produce untoward interactions with self; each cell is pre-programmed to recognize a foreign epitope that the host might one day encounter. Hence, the duties of each individual lymphocyte are quite circumscribed.

The international workshop on "Specificity and Function of Clonally Developing T Cells" was held at SchloG Rei- sensburg (near UIm, West Germany) on March 17-20, 1985. The meeting brought together immunologists study- ing clonal T-cell development in man and mouse in various in vitro systems at the cellular as well as molecular level. It was an attempt to provide an overview of the current research interests of groups working on (a) the developmen- tal potential of in vitro expanding primary T-cell clones (investigated using limiting dilution analysis) and cloned T -cell lines established in long-term culture; (b) the signals required for the expression of particular patterns of (func- tional and antigen receptor) phenotypes by T cells which are either freshly explanted in vitro, or maintained in vitro as cloned long-term lines; and (c) the generation of an MHC-restricted T-cell repertoire. In the study of thymocytes emphasis has shifted towards the presumably immature adult/embryonic subset(s) which is (are) devoid of subset-specific differentiation markers (L3T4, Lyt-2). Neither the signal requirement(s) for clonal expansion in vitro of these cells, nor their precursor role for any functional T -cell lineage are as yet unambiguously established. The multiple modes of human T-cell activation (e.g., via Tp44, T11, T3/Ti molecular complexes) were em- phasized by a number of presentations and raised the ques- tion of whether these different modes of activation induce different functional activities in individual T-cell clones.

Dieses Lern-und UEbungsbuch vermittelt das grundlegende Wissen uber die Funk- tionsprinzipien der Stroemungs- und Kolbenmaschinen. Dies geschieht so einfach und verstandlich wie moeglich, insbesondere unter Verzicht auf Methoden der hoeheren Mathematik, jedoch ohne unzulassige Vereinfachungen vorzunehmen. Die Bearbeitung der Themen erfolgte unter Beachtung der folgenden Prinzipien: - Verdeutlichung der in der Maschine zur Anwendung kommenden physika- lischen Gesetzmassigkeiten, - Erlauterung der Maschine als Instrument zur Umsetzung dieser physikalischen Gesetzmassigkeiten fur die praktische Nutzung, - Festlegung der Kriterien fur die Beurteilung einer Maschine und ihr r moeglichen Einsatzbereiche. Aus diesem Grund wurden die fur die Wirkungsweise der Maschinen wichtigsten Erfahrungssatze in den Grundlagenkapiteln eingehend erlautert, insbesondere 1. der Satz von der Erhaltung der Masse, 2. der Satz von der Erhaltung der Energie, 3. der Satz uber die Richtungsabhangigkeit von Energieumwandlungen und 4. der Satz uber die Erhaltung des Impulses und des Drehimpulses. Alle Gleichungen sind Groessengleichungen, zu deren Anwendung gute Kenntnisse der Elementarmathematik ausreichen. Alle Einheiten entstammen dem Internatio- nalen Einheitensystem (SI), ausser wenn das Umrechnen von Einheiten speziell geubt werden soll. Insbesondere wurde die nicht mehr zulassige Druckeinheit bar (1 bar = 100 kPa) durch Pascal ersetzt. Alle Arbeitsunterlagen sind in einem Anhang zusammengefasst. Im Sinne der padagogischen Forderung nach soforter sicherer Anwendung des Gelernten soll der Studierende mit diesem Anhang zunachst die ausfuhrlich durchgerechneten Beispiele durcharbeiten und dann seine Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten durch moeglichst selbstandiges Loesen der UEbungsaufgaben anwenden. Zur Kontrolle sind die Loesungen am Schluss des Buches angegeben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Entdeckungsreisen In Stadt Und Land: Streifzuge In Mitteldeutschland, Mit Seinen Jungen Freunden Unternommen 4 Hermann Wagner O. Spamer, 1892 Nature; General; Natural history; Nature / General