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In 2019, Islamic State lost its last remaining sliver of territory in Syria, and its Caliph, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was killed. These setbacks seemed to herald the Caliphate’s death knell, and many now forecast its imminent demise. Yet its affiliates endure, particularly in Africa: nearly all of Islamic State’s cells on the continent have reaffirmed their allegiance, attacks have continued in its name, many groups have been reinvigorated, and a new province has emerged. Why, in Africa, did the two major setbacks of 2019 have so little impact on support for Islamic State?
The Islamic State In Africa suggests that this puzzle can be explained by the emergence and evolution of Islamic State’s provinces in Africa, which it calls ‘sovereign subordinates’. By examining the rise and development of eight Islamic State ‘cells’, the authors show how, having pledged allegiance to IS Central, cells evolved mostly autonomously, using the IS brand as a means for accrual of power, but, in practice, receiving relatively little if any direction or material support from central command.
Given this pattern, IS Central’s relative decline has had little impact on its African affiliates—who are likely to remain committed to the Caliphate’s cause for the foreseeable future.
This book is the first to exclusively consider the foreign policy
tendencies of African states in international institutions. As an
edited volume offering empirically based perspectives from a
variety of scholars, this project disabuses the notion that Africa
should be considered a "niche" interest in the field of foreign
policy analysis. It asserts that the actions of the continent's
states collectively serve as an important heuristic by which to
interrogate and understand the foreign policies of other global
states, and are not simply "anomalously" extant entities whose
actions should be studied only insofar as they deviate from
predictions based on the experiences of Western or other
non-African states.
This book is the first to exclusively consider the foreign policy
tendencies of African states in international institutions. As an
edited volume offering empirically based perspectives from a
variety of scholars, this project disabuses the notion that Africa
should be considered a "niche" interest in the field of foreign
policy analysis. It asserts that the actions of the continent's
states collectively serve as an important heuristic by which to
interrogate and understand the foreign policies of other global
states, and are not simply "anomalously" extant entities whose
actions should be studied only insofar as they deviate from
predictions based on the experiences of Western or other
non-African states.
Surrogacy is a gift that allows couples and individuals, who may
not be able to have children traditionally, an opportunity to
become parents. The Journey of Same-Sex Surrogacy gives others hope
that they, too, can have a family. It's a book about possibilities
and dreams that details the trials along the way. Jason Warner and
his partner, deMarco, eagerly want to start the next chapter of
their life together. They discover they could each possibly have a
biological child that would also be a fraternal twin to the other
through a surrogate mother using in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Although it's a new field with few resources, Warner walks readers
through this journey of discovery, sharing life-changing decisions,
answering many questions and providing several resources while also
including stories of others. He also offers valuable information on
legal and medical issues that couples face when pursuing surrogacy.
HARD-CORE JUMP ROPING FOR EXTREME FITNESS You certainly jumped rope
as a kid, but you probably didn't realize this fun activity is also
a kickass workout for shredding all the major muscles--arms, legs,
butt, abs, shoulders and chest. With this book, you turn a simple
jump rope into a power tool to: * Build muscle * Boost endurance *
Amplify explosive power * Improve agility * Enhance overall fitness
From beginning tips on proper form and picking the right rope to
advanced tricks like double unders and knee tucks, Ultimate Jump
Rope Workouts will teach you to jump like a pro and get in the best
shape of your life.
TAKE YOUR WORKOUT TO THE NEXT LEVEL Pairing weights with the
BOSU(R) Balance Trainer's unique unstable platform is the ideal way
to get in shape, burn fat and develop powerful, lean muscles. The
lifting builds and sculpts primary muscles, while the balancing
tones secondary and supporting muscles for maximum results. This
book's unique program draws on the unbeatable combination to
super-charge your workout with highly effective exercises: * FLYS
while lying on the dome to target your chest and shred your core *
CURLS while balancing on the flat side to build biceps and tone
your legs * Deep-knee SQUATS with an overhead bpress to work every
muscle group Packed with dozens of fully illustrated,
easy-to-follow exercises, as well as day-by-day workout programs
for beginners, weekend warriors and elite athletes, Weights on the
BOSU(R) Balance Trainer is the ultimate guide to quickly
transforming your body.
UPGRADE YOUR WORKOUT Combining plyometrics, intense circuit
training, weight lifting and bodyweight exercises, this book's
revolutionary programs guarantee to help you achieve a fit, toned
body and peak overall fitness. The step-by-step workouts produce
astounding results: *Dramatically increased power *Incredible
endurance *Packed-on lean muscle *Reduced body fat Whether your
goal is to drop extra weight, shave minutes off a race time or
finally get ripped abs, this book is the workout partner that will
push you to your full potential.
GO BACK TO BASICS
The best way to get a strong, lean physique is to eat and work out
the way nature intended. Paleo Fitness guides you through the
fitness and exercise plan anthropological evidence has proven to be
the most efficient, healthiest way to live--work out in the real
world, for the real world. A healthy, athletic physique is as easy
as tuning in to how your body evolved. This book shows how to work
out with functional, playful, and primal movements for:
- improved strength, speed & stamina
- greater mobility & flexibility
- life-long fitness & good health
Packed with step-by-step exercises, a two-week meal plan and
delicious, satisfying, healthy recipes, Paleo Fitness helps you use
the high-intensity methods proven to increase fitness in the
shortest possible time.
BUILD MASSIVE MUSCLES Follow the day-by-day plan in this book and
you will finally achieve the body you've always wanted. Packed with
clear charts and helpful photos, this book has everything you need
to bulk up: *Easy-to-follow workouts *Step-by-step lifting
instructions *Meal plan for maximum muscle growth The 7 Weeks to 10
Pounds of Muscle program takes less than 2 hours per week and
requires just three simple ingredients: a can-do spirit, a
carefully crafted exercise routine and a solid nutritional regimen.
Offering field-tested programs and delicious muscle-building
recipes, 7 Weeks to 10 Pounds of Muscle shows how quickly you can
get strong and sculpted.
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