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This Brief provides a comprehensive overview of Cyclospora
cayetanensis, a protozoan apicomplexan parasite that leads to
outbreaks of traveler's diarrhea in consumers. The main
characteristics of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection are covered,
including documented outbreaks, regional patterns and statistics.
Various transmission routes for this parasite are outlined, with a
focus on foodborne transmission. A major focus of Cyclospora
Cayetanensis As A Foodborne Pathogen is the detection of Cyclospora
cayetanensis in different food matrices. Decontamination procedures
for the occurrence of this parasite in all major food types are
outlined in detail, as well as current risk assessment procedures
and regulations. The difficulty in minimizing the risk of infection
in fresh produce is covered, plus potential solutions for this
problem. This Brief not only comprehensively covers the current
state of foodborne Cyclospora cayetanensis but also looks to future
challenges in the detection, prevention and removal of this
parasite in foods.
This Brief provides a comprehensive overview of Trypanosoma cruzi,
a parasite that is traditionally considered as exclusively
vectorborne, but can be foodborne, and may lead to outbreaks of
Chagas disease in consumers. The characteristics of Trypanosoma
cruzi and the clinical effects of the disease are covered,
including documented outbreaks, regional patterns, and
epidemiology. The various transmission routes are outlined, but
with specific focus on foodborne transmission. A major emphasis of
this text is contamination of fruit juices with Trypanosoma cruzi
in, a transmission vehicle with increasing significance in the
spread of this parasite. Also outlined is the difficulty of
establishing a protocol for detection in food samples. Results on
survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in food matrices is considered, as
well as current risk assessment procedures and regulations.
Different approaches to preventing transmission, including
inactivation and decontamination are introduced, but also the
importance of targeted educational initiatives, and also with a
focus on future detection, prevention, and prevention of
contamination of foods with this parasite.
Although widely recognized as an important waterborne pathogen,
Giardia duodenalis can also be transmitted by contamination of
food. The same properties of this protozoan parasite that mean that
water is an excellent transmission vehicle are also important for
foodborne transmission. These include the low infective dose, the
high number of cysts that are excreted, and the robustness of these
transmission stages. However, many more outbreaks of waterborne
giardiasis have been reported than foodborne outbreaks. This is
probably partly due to epidemiological tracing being much more
difficult for foodborne outbreaks than waterborne outbreaks, and
the number of persons exposed to infection often being fewer.
Nevertheless, the potential importance of foodborne transmission is
gradually being recognized, and a wide range of different
foodstuffs have been associated with those outbreaks that have been
recorded. Additionally, various factors mean that the potential for
foodborne transmission is becoming of increasing importance: these
include the growth of international food trade, a current trend for
eating raw or very lightly cooked foods, and the rise in
small-scale organic farms, where there the possibility for
contamination of vegetable crops with animal faeces may be greater.
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