Market trend and the increasing diagnoses of celiac disease have encouraged extensive research into the development of gluten-free breads. Generally, the development of bread without gluten involves the use of diverse ingredients and additives aimed at imitating the viscoelastic properties of gluten and consequently obtaining quality bread products. However, developing gluten-free bread remains a technological challenge due to the key role of gluten in the breadmaking process. Gluten-Free Bread Technology provides an overview of all fundamental issues and key factors associated with gluten-free bread technology, with the emphasis on the most recent findings on the subject. The promising results of the reviewed studies indicate that the gluten-free breads developed possess similar or better sensory attributes than those of control formulations, and some are even comparable to their wheat gluten-based counterparts. Chapters of this book focus on the role of additives, dough handling, and the physical, structural, sensory and nutritional properties of the gluten-free bread. The science of gluten intolerance is explained as well. With all relevant literature gathered and summarized in one place, this text will be an essential resource for both food scientists and industry professionals pursuing gluten-free formulations.

This edited volume provides insight into temperate fruits, with an emphasis on postharvest physiology, storage, packaging and technologies for maintaining fruit quality. Chapters are devoted to individual fruits and focus on fundamental issues such as methods for maintaining or enhancing quality, minimizing postharvest losses, and recommended technologies to boost demand. Contributions come from experts in the field, making this a key reference for all aspects of postharvest management of temperate fruits. The volume is unique in its focus on the biodiversity, nutritional and health benefits, and postharvest technologies for shelf life enhancement of temperate fruits. Contributing authors address the postharvest biology and technology of individual temperate fruits such as plum, cherry, peach, apricot, apple, pear, quince, loquat, kiwi, persimmon and berries. There has been tremendous growth in the research and development of new techniques to maintain the quality of temperate fruits from farm to table. Contributions from experts in the field cover these recent advances, providing up-to-date and relevant information for researchers, postharvest/fruit technologists, food scientists, postgraduate students, and others working in the industry.

The book provides basic knowledge in mycorrhizal ecology, knitted with novel conceptual frameworks and contemporary perspectives, especially in the context of global change. In a fast changing world wherein anthropogenic climate change, biological invasions, deforestation, desertification, and frequent droughts have become routine hard realities, the contents of this book urge readers to rethink basic notions of setting and accomplishing objectives in mycorrhizal research to make sense vis-a-vis contemporary challenges. In this book, a global perspective of mycorrhizal diversity and distribution is provided, followed by some insights into the impact of various global change elements such as climate change, plant invasion, and extreme environmental conditions on mycorrhizas and the role of these mutualists in turn to help their host plants to withstand such novel selection pressures. Special attention here is given to the interesting, but largely neglected, topics such as the role of mycorrhizas in ecological restoration of degraded environments and mycorrhizal status of aquatic plants. The basic idea is to unify various topical areas in mycorrhizal science in an integrated framework. This book can be used by the undergraduate and graduate level students studying mycorrhizal symbioses in the context of current ecological applications. The materials in this book will benefit biological scientists actively involved in research on mycorrhizal ecology and global environmental change. Besides, the contents of the book could be of special interest to restoration ecologists and biodiversity managers. "

This book looks at the emerging power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific region and locates India and its interests within the overarching geostrategic framework. With US and China emerging as leading players within the region, the book analyses the challenges to India's foreign policy in the face of new alliances, counter-alliances, and great power equations that have formed after the Cold War. It discusses important issues such as China's strategic forays in the Indian Ocean, the balance of power between countries, India's Act East opportunities, Russia's re-engagement in the region, the South China Sea dispute, India's maritime strategy, and the conundrum of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue facing India. A comprehensive study of the changing geopolitical and geostrategic environment of the Indo-Pacific region, the book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of international relations, global politics, foreign policy, maritime studies, Chinese studies, South Asian studies, geopolitics, and strategic studies.

Cereal grains and their products are staples in the diet of almost every culture of the world and have made an important contribution to daily nutrient requirements. Cereal grains are high in carbohydrates, good sources of protein and provide varying amounts of fibre, vitamins and minerals. The nutritional composition of grains may vary depending on the variety and environmental growing conditions. A number of cereal products are prepared from all the regions of the world. Cereals are processed into many products such as bread, cookies, cakes and pasta and are consumed daily by the majority of the population and play an important place in human nutrition. Cereal Based Food Products is the first book of its kind, focusing on the preparation methodology of cereal products. The chapters focus on different types of cereal products, processing technology, quality aspects and packaging requirements. All of the important cereal-based foods are covered in full, including sections on bread, cookies, cakes and muffins, pasta and noodles and many more including their packaging, preparation methods and ingredients. With this text researchers will find a comprehensive single source for information on the processing of cereal-based food products. Covers different types of products prepared from cereal grains; Focuses on production technology for the development of cereal products; Presents information on packaging requirements of cereal products.

Whole grains play an important role in healthy diets, due to their potential role in minimizing the risk factors for several diseases. Thus the need for a comprehensive work that addresses all aspects of whole grain technology including processing, product development and nutrition values. This book covers the technological, nutritional and product development aspects of all whole grains including wheat, rice, barley, rye, sorghum, millet, maize, and oats among others. The book will review and summarize current knowledge in whole grains with the intent of being helpful to the food industry in the development of high-quality whole grain products. Key Features: Covers the technology for whole grain processing Promotes the utilization of whole grain products Provides the information about the nutritional components of whole grains Explores the health benefits of whole grains Presents the latest trends and safety concerns of whole grains The chapters include amaranth, barley, brown rice, buckwheat, maize, millets, oats, quinoa, rye, sorghum, and wheat. In addition, current trends in processing technology and product development for whole grains are explained in detail in a separate chapter. The last chapter deals with the food safety management of whole grains. Contributions from global experts in this field make this book a key reference material for all aspects of whole grains. This book is suitable for students, scientists, and professionals in food science, food engineering, food technology, food processing, product development, food marketing, nutrition and other health sciences.

Overviews the issues associated with the shelf life enhancement and shelf life evaluation of various food products Addresses issues important to maintaining food safety Explains how shelf life depends on factors including ingredients for formulation, processing techniques, packaging, and storage conditions. Covers shelf life evaluation methods, determinants for shelf life, food quality assessment, and basic and innovative technologies which will improve the shelf life of food products

This edited volume provides insight into temperate fruits, with an emphasis on postharvest physiology, storage, packaging and technologies for maintaining fruit quality. Chapters are devoted to individual fruits and focus on fundamental issues such as methods for maintaining or enhancing quality, minimizing postharvest losses, and recommended technologies to boost demand. Contributions come from experts in the field, making this a key reference for all aspects of postharvest management of temperate fruits. The volume is unique in its focus on the biodiversity, nutritional and health benefits, and postharvest technologies for shelf life enhancement of temperate fruits. Contributing authors address the postharvest biology and technology of individual temperate fruits such as plum, cherry, peach, apricot, apple, pear, quince, loquat, kiwi, persimmon and berries. There has been tremendous growth in the research and development of new techniques to maintain the quality of temperate fruits from farm to table. Contributions from experts in the field cover these recent advances, providing up-to-date and relevant information for researchers, postharvest/fruit technologists, food scientists, postgraduate students, and others working in the industry.

The book provides basic knowledge in mycorrhizal ecology, knitted with novel conceptual frameworks and contemporary perspectives, especially in the context of global change. In a fast changing world wherein anthropogenic climate change, biological invasions, deforestation, desertification, and frequent droughts have become routine hard realities, the contents of this book urge readers to rethink basic notions of setting and accomplishing objectives in mycorrhizal research to make sense vis-à-vis contemporary challenges. In this book, a global perspective of mycorrhizal diversity and distribution is provided, followed by some insights into the impact of various global change elements such as climate change, plant invasion, and extreme environmental conditions on mycorrhizas and the role of these mutualists in turn to help their host plants to withstand such novel selection pressures. Special attention here is given to the interesting, but largely neglected, topics such as the role of mycorrhizas in ecological restoration of degraded environments and mycorrhizal status of aquatic plants. The basic idea is to unify various topical areas in mycorrhizal science in an integrated framework. This book can be used by the undergraduate and graduate level students studying mycorrhizal symbioses in the context of current ecological applications. The materials in this book will benefit biological scientists actively involved in research on mycorrhizal ecology and global environmental change. Besides, the contents of the book could be of special interest to restoration ecologists and biodiversity managers.

This book is a collection of Ghazals written by Prof. Mansoor Ahmad Shauq Azeemaabaadi from 1960s until date. He has been rated highly among the experts for his quintessential amalgamation of pragmatic and philosophical views without compromising the classical nature of Ghazal. His poetry compositions as recorded in this book start with Hamd (poem written in the praise of Allah), Naat (poem written in the praise of prophet Muhammad (PBUH)), and a poem about Karbala (site famous for the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (PBUH)). The rest of the book is collection of Ghazals spread across more than three hundred pages. These Ghazals portray the aesthetics of language, elegance of style, charisma of diction - all woven intricately and ardently into the highly formalized structure that Urdu Ghazals stand for. The traditional themes of unattainable love, divinity, and mysticism follow throughout Prof. Shauq's work with a gradual and mellowed merger of the issues facing the present generation. The beauty of these compositions arises from the fact that the theme is never issue centric and usually depicts the emotional quotient lying beneath the issues. This contributes to the aesthetics, in addition to assigning persistence to these Ghazals. These soulful bounties of bright fragrant emotions are a precious gift to our age.

Cytokine and Chemokine Networks in Cancer" provides a comprehensive exploration of the roles of cytokines and chemokines in cancer biology. It offers valuable insights into their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, making it a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and students interested in the field of cancer immunology and therapy. This book illustrates the importance and significance of the cytokine and chemokine signaling networks in tumor development and progression. It describes the complex networks mediated by cytokine and chemokine receptors promoting tumor cell proliferation, site-directed metastasis, and activation of angiogenic switch in tumor cells. The books also shed light on the heterogeneity of cytokines and chemokine in solid malignancies and their impact on tumor progression and therapeutic outcomes. The chapters provide current information about the types of cytokine-chemokine interactions in promoting cancer stem cell-like characteristics, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The significance of the complex interactions in cancer biology in the light of therapeutic resistance is also highlighted. The chapters also describe recent advancements in the therapeutic potential of targeting the pro-tumor cytokine and chemokine networks and limiting tumor cell metastasis. Finally, the book also provides a comprehensive yet representative description of a large number of challenges associated with targeting these vital chemokine-cytokine networks. Given its content, the book provides valuable information for researchers in the field of cancer biology and molecular medicine.

Developing Costimulatory Molecules for Immunotherapy of Diseases highlights the novel concept of reverse costimulation and how it can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy using either humanized antibodies against CD80, CD86, and other costimulatory molecules or CD28 fusinogenic proteins in the treatment of diseases, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus nephritis, severe psoriasis, vulgaris tuberculosis, thopoid, transplantation therapeutic, cancer, and inflammation. The text aims to provide the latest information on the complex roles and interactions within the CD28 and B7 costimulatory families, with the hope that targeting these families will yield new therapies for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer, and other infectious diseases.

Market trend and the increasing diagnoses of celiac disease have encouraged extensive research into the development of gluten-free breads. Generally, the development of bread without gluten involves the use of diverse ingredients and additives aimed at imitating the viscoelastic properties of gluten and consequently obtaining quality bread products. However, developing gluten-free bread remains a technological challenge due to the key role of gluten in the breadmaking process. Gluten-Free Bread Technology provides an overview of all fundamental issues and key factors associated with gluten-free bread technology, with the emphasis on the most recent findings on the subject. The promising results of the reviewed studies indicate that the gluten-free breads developed possess similar or better sensory attributes than those of control formulations, and some are even comparable to their wheat gluten-based counterparts. Chapters of this book focus on the role of additives, dough handling, and the physical, structural, sensory and nutritional properties of the gluten-free bread. The science of gluten intolerance is explained as well. With all relevant literature gathered and summarized in one place, this text will be an essential resource for both food scientists and industry professionals pursuing gluten-free formulations.

Plant Extracts in Food Applications is the first book of its kind focusing on the application of plant extracts in the food industry. Topics cover sources, extraction and encapsulation techniques, the chemistry and stability of plant extracts, antimicrobials, preservatives, nutrient enhancers, enzymes, flavoring and coloring agents, packaging aid, health benefits, opportunities and the challenges surrounding the use of plant extracts in food applications. Written by several experts in the field, this book is a valuable resource for students, scientists, and professionals in food science, food chemistry and nutrition. Concerns and potential risks regarding the use of synthetic chemicals have renewed the interests of consumers using natural and safe alternatives. Plant extracts represent an interesting ingredient, mainly due to their natural origin and phytochemical properties, allowing for obtaining active materials to extend shelf-life and add value to the product.

The book comprises of five chapters and describes the origin, production and scope of cytokines, which are the most important molecules of immune system around which the field of functional immunology revolves. This book describes how the immune system responds to injuries and insults by foreign antigens (bacteria, viruses etc.) and produces cytokines, which then, through various immune response mechanisms, protect the body against pathogenic invasions, how these glycoproteins are involved in the differentiation and maturation of immune cells, how lymph nodes are involved in concentrating the different forms of cytokines, how immunogenicity of a cytokine is affected and how a cytokine is related to the immune response. Various types of cytokines and the organization and expression of cytokine receptors are described separately. The properties, mechanistic function and therapeutic cytokines are also discussed in separate chapters. The characteristics, production and important roles played by different cytokines in research, diagnostics and therapeutics is described separately. Lastly the role of cytokines and chemokine's in infectious diseases and their importance in the detection of various kinds of diseases like cancer, HIV-AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria etc. are discussed in detail separately. The book contains a reasonable number of diagrams, flowcharts and tables. Besides this, various interesting and self-explanatory illustrations are incorporated to make the book useful to the students for whom it is written. The question bank, which includes long answer type, short answer type and multiple choice questions with their answers at the very end of each chapter, is developed to get a full grasp of the topic.

Combinational Therapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer discusses TNBC at the molecular level from a holistic approach, focusing on combinational strategies targeting various pathways involved in this specific cancer type. Using a monotherapy for the treatment of cancer, especially high-grade tumors like TNBC, is mostly worthless due to the inherent genetic instability of tumor cells to develop intrinsic and acquired resistance. Combination therapy presents more, or at least the same, effectiveness with lower doses of every single agent and decreases the likelihood of chemoresistance, making it essential to understand for multiple therapy options. The book is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, graduate students and members of the biomedical field who are interested in the potential of combinational therapies to treat triple negative breast cancer.

The field of stroke research continues to evolve, and better outcomes are possible and even likely. Over the last two decades, basic science research in the field of stroke has elucidated multiple pathways of cellular injury and repair after cerebral ischemia, resulting in the identification of several promising targets for neuroprotection. Prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases has been one of the primary goals of neuroscience research but unfortunately, to date, no such safe preventive agents are available. There is an urgent need for agents that are pharmacologically safe, cost-effective, and immediately available with minimal side effects. Although a considerable amount of research has been invested into the development of novel treatments capable of protecting the brain from damage following stroke, but with limited success. Currently, the only drug approved for the treatment of ischemic stroke is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA, alteplase), which has a limited time window for administration and increases the risk for subsequent hemorrhage. This book assesses the immunobiology of stroke, natural herbs and human brain interaction, current evidence for the efficacy of a range of readily available plant-based extracts and chemicals that may improve brain function. They are discussed in terms of how an increased understanding of the relationship between their ecological roles and CNS effects might further the field of natural, phytochemical drug discovery. Numerous neuroprotective treatments have been identified that show great promise in animal models of stroke. In this book, we have also highlighted the promising targets of neuroprotection and the natural products from traditional medicinal herbs that exhibit protective effects on ischemic brain injury. Further the authors discuss the individual herbs, herbal cocktails and the components from herbs in neuroprotection. The book contains many diagrams and tables with highlighting the role of various herbs and their components in neuroprotection. A separate chapter has been included regarding polyphenols in neuroprotection.

Strokes are a leading cause of brain injury that strike approximately 800,000 people per year in the US alone, killing about 150,000 meaning one death in every four minutes. According to World Health Organization, 15 million people suffer strokes world-wide each year and out of these, 5 million die and another 5 million are permanently disabled. Despite advances in stroke research during last decade, current strokes remain a vexing public health problem. Even with the onset of the 21st century, there is still no effective therapy for strokes beyond a limited group of patients who are treated with thrombolytics, which have significant adverse effects. This situation prevails despite intense research efforts and numerous clinical trials that have attempted to develop drugs to reduce morbidity and mortality from strokes. So far, drug development efforts have targeted modulators of ion channels (Ca2+and Na+), scavengers of oxygen radicals, and antagonists of excitotoxic neurotransmitters (primarily glutamate and glycine receptors). Despite tremendous progress in understanding the pathophysiology of a stroke, translation of this knowledge into effective therapies has largely failed, with the exception of thrombolysis, which only benefits a small proportion of patients. Systemic and local immune responses have important roles in causing stroke and are implicated in the primary and secondary progression of ischaemic lesions, as well as in repair, recovery, and overall outcome after a stroke. However, potential therapeutic targets in the immune system and inflammatory responses have not been well characterised. The development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for strokes will require further investigation of these pathways in terms of their temporal profile (before, during, and after stroke) and risk-to-benefit therapeutic ratio of modulating them.

Cancer is a major health problem worldwide and is one of the most prominent causes of morbidity and mortality in children and adults causing about 9 million deaths annually. The success of novel cancer therapies depends on the identification of functional targets that play an essential role in tumor growth and metastasis, survival and evasion from immunosurveillance. Costimulation through CD80 or through CD28-bearing T cells, regresses the growth in B cell lymphomas retard the proliferation and induce apoptosis. On the other hand Tuberculosis(MTB) a major infectious disease is becoming global emergency due to BCG failure and multidrug resistance and hence needs urgent attention from scientific community to develop alternative strategies to defeat the problems linked to the reemergence of TB. Macrophages activated through anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 mAbs showed enhanced microbicidal function and reduced the survival of MTB. Therefore this novel strategy can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy either using humanized antibodies against CD80 or CD86 or CD28 fusogenic proteins for the treatment of cancer especially relapse and refractory lymphomas and intracellular pathogens.