Over the last 15 years important results have been achieved in the field of "Hilbert Modular" Varieties. Though the main emphasis of this book is on the geometry of Hilbert modular surfaces, both geometric and arithmetic aspects are treated. An abundance of examples - in fact a whole chapter - completes this competent presentation of the subject. This "Ergebnisbericht" will soon become an indispensible tool for graduate students and researchers in this field.

This book casts the theory of periods of algebraic varieties in the natural setting of Madhav Nori's abelian category of mixed motives. It develops Nori's approach to mixed motives from scratch, thereby filling an important gap in the literature, and then explains the connection of mixed motives to periods, including a detailed account of the theory of period numbers in the sense of Kontsevich-Zagier and their structural properties. Period numbers are central to number theory and algebraic geometry, and also play an important role in other fields such as mathematical physics. There are long-standing conjectures about their transcendence properties, best understood in the language of cohomology of algebraic varieties or, more generally, motives. Readers of this book will discover that Nori's unconditional construction of an abelian category of motives (over fields embeddable into the complex numbers) is particularly well suited for this purpose. Notably, Kontsevich's formal period algebra represents a torsor under the motivic Galois group in Nori's sense, and the period conjecture of Kontsevich and Zagier can be recast in this setting. Periods and Nori Motives is highly informative and will appeal to graduate students interested in algebraic geometry and number theory as well as researchers working in related fields. Containing relevant background material on topics such as singular cohomology, algebraic de Rham cohomology, diagram categories and rigid tensor categories, as well as many interesting examples, the overall presentation of this book is self-contained.

This book collects various perspectives, contributed by both mathematicians and physicists, on the B-model and its role in mirror symmetry. Mirror symmetry is an active topic of research in both the mathematics and physics communities, but among mathematicians, the "A-model" half of the story remains much better-understood than the B-model. This book aims to address that imbalance. It begins with an overview of several methods by which mirrors have been constructed, and from there, gives a thorough account of the "BCOV" B-model theory from a physical perspective; this includes the appearance of such phenomena as the holomorphic anomaly equation and connections to number theory via modularity. Following a mathematical exposition of the subject of quantization, the remainder of the book is devoted to the B-model from a mathematician's point-of-view, including such topics as polyvector fields and primitive forms, Givental's ancestor potential, and integrable systems.

This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in physics and mathematics who seek to understand the basics of supersymmetry from a mathematical point of view. It provides a bridge between the physical and mathematical approaches to the superworld. The physicist who is devoted to learning the basics of supergeometry can find a friendly approach here, since only the concepts that are strictly necessary are introduced. On the other hand, the mathematician who wants to learn from physics will find that all the mathematical assumptions are firmly rooted in physical concepts. This may open up a channel of communication between the two communities working on different aspects of supersymmetry.Starting from special relativity and Minkowski space, the idea of conformal space and superspace is built step by step in a mathematically rigorous way, and always connecting with the ideas and notation used in physics. While the book is mainly devoted to these important physical examples of superspaces, it can also be used as an introduction to the field of supergeometry, where a reader can ease into the subject without being overwhelmed with the technical difficulties.

Elementary particles in this book exist as Solitons in-and-of the fabric of spacetime itself. As such they are characterized by their geometry, that is their topology and configuration which lead directly to their physical attributes and behavior as well as to a simplification and reduction of assumptions and the importation of parameter values. The emphasis of the book is thus on that geometry, the algebraic geometry associated with taxonomical issues and the differential geometry that determines the physics as well as on simplifying the results. In itself, however, the process of assembling and developing what eventually went into the book has been a singularly rewarding journey. Along the way some fascinating insights and connections to known physical attributes and theories emerge, some predictable but others unbidden and even unanticipated. The book is intended to summarize that journey in a way that, readers with a range of backgrounds will find interesting and provocative. Connections to other physical theories and subjects are also discussed. A most gratifying development is the emergence of a unifying principle underlying the epistemological structure of not only the elementary particles but of such diverse fields as Radar, Quantum mechanics, Biology, Cosmology and the Philosophy of science.

This book provides a systematic treatment of algebraic and topological properties of convex sets (possibly non-closed or unbounded) in the n-dimensional Euclidean space. Topics under consideration include general properties of convex sets and convex hulls, cones and conic hulls, polyhedral sets, the extreme structure, support and separation properties of convex sets.Lectures on Convex Sets is self-contained and unified in presentation. The book grew up out of various courses on geometry and convexity, taught by the author for more than a decade. It can be used as a textbook for graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics, optimization, and operations research. It may also be viewed as a supplementary book for a course on convex geometry or convex analysis, or as a source for independent study of the subject, suitable for non-geometers.

This book provides a systematic treatment of algebraic and topological properties of convex sets (possibly non-closed or unbounded) in the n-dimensional Euclidean space. Topics under consideration include general properties of convex sets and convex hulls, cones and conic hulls, polyhedral sets, the extreme structure, support and separation properties of convex sets.Lectures on Convex Sets is self-contained and unified in presentation. The book grew up out of various courses on geometry and convexity, taught by the author for more than a decade. It can be used as a textbook for graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics, optimization, and operations research. It may also be viewed as a supplementary book for a course on convex geometry or convex analysis, or as a source for independent study of the subject, suitable for non-geometers.

[From the foreword by B. Teissier] The main ideas of the proof of resolution of singularities of complex-analytic spaces presented here were developed by Heisuke Hironaka in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Since then, a number of proofs, all inspired by Hironaka's general approach, have appeared, the validity of some of them extending beyond the complex analytic case. The proof has now been so streamlined that, although it was seen 50 years ago as one of the most difficult proofs produced by mathematics, it can now be the subject of an advanced university course. Yet, far from being of historical interest only, this long-awaited book will be very rewarding for any mathematician interested in singularity theory. Rather than a proof of a canonical or algorithmic resolution of singularities, what is presented is in fact a masterly study of the infinitely near "worst" singular points of a complex analytic space obtained by successive "permissible" blowing ups and of the way to tame them using certain subspaces of the ambient space. This taming proves by an induction on the dimension that there exist finite sequences of permissible blowing ups at the end of which the worst infinitely near points have disappeared, and this is essentially enough to obtain resolution of singularities. Hironaka's ideas for resolution of singularities appear here in a purified and geometric form, in part because of the need to overcome the globalization problems appearing in complex analytic geometry. In addition, the book contains an elegant presentation of all the prerequisites of complex analytic geometry, including basic definitions and theorems needed to follow the development of ideas and proofs. Its epilogue presents the use of similar ideas in the resolution of singularities of complex analytic foliations. This text will be particularly useful and interesting for readers of the younger generation who wish to understand one of the most fundamental results in algebraic and analytic geometry and invent possible extensions and applications of the methods created to prove it.

This book consists of five chapters presenting problems of current research in mathematics, with its history and development, current state, and possible future direction. Four of the chapters are expository in nature while one is based more directly on research. All deal with important areas of mathematics, however, such as algebraic geometry, topology, partial differential equations, Riemannian geometry, and harmonic analysis. This book is addressed to researchers who are interested in those subject areas. Young-Hoon Kiem discusses classical enumerative geometry before string theory and improvements after string theory as well as some recent advances in quantum singularity theory, Donaldson-Thomas theory for Calabi-Yau 4-folds, and Vafa-Witten invariants. Dongho Chae discusses the finite-time singularity problem for three-dimensional incompressible Euler equations. He presents Kato's classical local well-posedness results, Beale-Kato-Majda's blow-up criterion, and recent studies on the singularity problem for the 2D Boussinesq equations. Simon Brendle discusses recent developments that have led to a complete classification of all the singularity models in a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold. He gives an alternative proof of the classification of noncollapsed steady gradient Ricci solitons in dimension 3. Hyeonbae Kang reviews some of the developments in the Neumann-Poincare operator (NPO). His topics include visibility and invisibility via polarization tensors, the decay rate of eigenvalues and surface localization of plasmon, singular geometry and the essential spectrum, analysis of stress, and the structure of the elastic NPO. Danny Calegari provides an explicit description of the shift locus as a complex of spaces over a contractible building. He describes the pieces in terms of dynamically extended laminations and of certain explicit "discriminant-like" affine algebraic varieties.

This second volume introduces the concept of shemes, reviews some commutative algebra and introduces projective schemes. The finiteness theorem for coherent sheaves is proved, here again the techniques of homological algebra and sheaf cohomology are needed. In the last two chapters, projective curves over an arbitrary ground field are discussed, the theory of Jacobians is developed, and the existence of the Picard scheme is proved.
Finally, the author gives some outlook into further developments- for instance etale cohomology- and states some fundamental theorems.
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Based on lectures held at the 7th Villa de Leyva summer school, this book presents an introduction to topics of current interest in the interface of geometry, topology and physics. It is aimed at graduate students in physics or mathematics with interests in geometric, algebraic as well as topological methods and their applications to quantum field theory.This volume contains the written notes corresponding to lectures given by experts in the field. They cover current topics of research in a way that is suitable for graduate students of mathematics or physics interested in the recent developments and interactions between geometry, topology and physics. The book also contains contributions by younger participants, displaying the ample range of topics treated in the school. A key feature of the present volume is the provision of a pedagogical presentation of rather advanced topics, in a way which is suitable for both mathematicians and physicists.

The present volume grew out of an international conference on affine algebraic geometry held in Osaka, Japan during 3-6 March 2011 and is dedicated to Professor Masayoshi Miyanishi on the occasion of his 70th birthday. It contains 16 refereed articles in the areas of affine algebraic geometry, commutative algebra and related fields, which have been the working fields of Professor Miyanishi for almost 50 years. Readers will be able to find recent trends in these areas too. The topics contain both algebraic and analytic, as well as both affine and projective, problems. All the results treated in this volume are new and original which subsequently will provide fresh research problems to explore. This volume is suitable for graduate students and researchers in these areas.

This book gives an up-to-date exposition on the theory of oblique derivative problems for elliptic equations. The modern analysis of shock reflection was made possible by the theory of oblique derivative problems developed by the author. Such problems also arise in many other physical situations such as the shape of a capillary surface and problems of optimal transportation. The author begins the book with basic results for linear oblique derivative problems and work through the theory for quasilinear and nonlinear problems. The final chapter discusses some of the applications. In addition, notes to each chapter give a history of the topics in that chapter and suggestions for further reading.

This volume is based on the successful 6th China-Japan Seminar on number theory that was held in Shanghai Jiao Tong University in August 2011. It is a compilation of survey papers as well as original works by distinguished researchers in their respective fields. The topics range from traditional analytic number theory - additive problems, divisor problems, Diophantine equations - to elliptic curves and automorphic L-functions. It contains new developments in number theory and the topics complement the existing two volumes from the previous seminars which can be found in the same book series.

This book serves as a reference on links and on the invariants derived via algebraic topology from covering spaces of link exteriors. It emphasizes the features of the multicomponent case not normally considered by knot-theorists, such as longitudes, the homological complexity of many-variable Laurent polynomial rings, the fact that links are not usually boundary links, free coverings of homology boundary links, the lower central series as a source of invariants, nilpotent completion and algebraic closure of the link group, and disc links. Invariants of the types considered here play an essential role in many applications of knot theory to other areas of topology.This second edition introduces two new chapters - twisted polynomial invariants and singularities of plane curves. Each replaces brief sketches in the first edition. Chapter 2 has been reorganized, and new material has been added to four other chapters.

This volume consists of research papers and expository survey articles presented by the invited speakers of the conference on "Harmony of Groebner Bases and the Modern Industrial Society". Topics include computational commutative algebra, algebraic statistics, algorithms of D-modules and combinatorics. This volume also provides current trends on Groebner bases and will stimulate further development of many research areas surrounding Groebner bases.

This proceedings volume presents selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the 26th National School on Algebra, which was held in Constanta, Romania, on August 26-September 1, 2018. The works cover three fields of mathematics: algebra, geometry and discrete mathematics, discussing the latest developments in the theory of monomial ideals, algebras of graphs and local positivity of line bundles. Whereas interactions between algebra and geometry go back at least to Hilbert, the ties to combinatorics are much more recent and are subject of immense interest at the forefront of contemporary mathematics research. Transplanting methods between different branches of mathematics has proved very fruitful in the past - for example, the application of fixed point theorems in topology to solving nonlinear differential equations in analysis. Similarly, combinatorial structures, e.g., Newton-Okounkov bodies, have led to significant advances in our understanding of the asymptotic properties of line bundles in geometry and multiplier ideals in algebra. This book is intended for advanced graduate students, young scientists and established researchers with an interest in the overlaps between different fields of mathematics. A volume for the 24th edition of this conference was previously published with Springer under the title "Multigraded Algebra and Applications" (ISBN 978-3-319-90493-1).

This monograph strives to introduce a solid foundation on the usage of Groebner bases in ring theory by focusing on noncommutative associative algebras defined by relations over a field K. It also reveals the intrinsic structural properties of Groebner bases, presents a constructive PBW theory in a quite extensive context and, along the routes built via the PBW theory, the book demonstrates novel methods of using Groebner bases in determining and recognizing many more structural properties of algebras, such as the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension, Noetherianity, (semi-)primeness, PI-property, finiteness of global homological dimension, Hilbert series, (non-)homogeneous p-Koszulity, PBW-deformation, and regular central extension.With a self-contained and constructive Groebner basis theory for algebras with a skew multiplicative K-basis, numerous illuminating examples are constructed in the book for illustrating and extending the topics studied. Moreover, perspectives of further study on the topics are prompted at appropriate points. This book can be of considerable interest to researchers and graduate students in computational (computer) algebra, computational (noncommutative) algebraic geometry; especially for those working on the structure theory of rings, algebras and their modules (representations).

This thesis proposes a new perspective on scattering amplitudes in quantum field theories. Their standard formulation in terms of sums over Feynman diagrams is replaced by a computation of geometric invariants, called intersection numbers, on moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces. It therefore gives a physical interpretation of intersection numbers, which have been extensively studied in the mathematics literature in the context of generalized hypergeometric functions. This book explores physical consequences of this formulation, such as recursion relations, connections to geometry and string theory, as well as a phenomenon called moduli space localization. After reviewing necessary mathematical background, including topology of moduli spaces of Riemann spheres with punctures and its fundamental group, the definition and properties of intersection numbers are presented. A comprehensive list of applications and relations to other objects is given, including those to scattering amplitudes in open- and closed-string theories. The highlights of the thesis are the results regarding localization properties of intersection numbers in two opposite limits: in the low- and the high-energy expansion. In order to facilitate efficient computations of intersection numbers the author introduces recursion relations that exploit fibration properties of the moduli space. These are formulated in terms of so-called braid matrices that encode the information of how points braid around each other on the corresponding Riemann surface. Numerous application of this approach are presented for computation of scattering amplitudes in various gauge and gravity theories. This book comes with an extensive appendix that gives a pedagogical introduction to the topic of homologies with coefficients in a local system.

This is a monograph about non-commutative algebraic geometry, and its application to physics. The main mathematical inputs are the non-commutative deformation theory, moduli theory of representations of associative algebras, a new non-commutative theory of phase spaces, and its canonical Dirac derivation. The book starts with a new definition of time, relative to which the set of mathematical velocities form a compact set, implying special and general relativity. With this model in mind, a general Quantum Theory is developed and shown to fit with the classical theory. In particular the "toy"-model used as example, contains, as part of the structure, the classical gauge groups u(1), su(2) and su(3), and therefore also the theory of spin and quarks, etc.

New Edition available hereEtale cohomology is an important branch in arithmetic geometry. This book covers the main materials in SGA 1, SGA 4, SGA 4 1/2 and SGA 5 on etale cohomology theory, which includes decent theory, etale fundamental groups, Galois cohomology, etale cohomology, derived categories, base change theorems, duality, and l-adic cohomology. The prerequisites for reading this book are basic algebraic geometry and advanced commutative algebra.

This introductory textbook for a graduate course in pure mathematics provides a gateway into the two difficult fields of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. Algebraic geometry, supported fundamentally by commutative algebra, is a cornerstone of pure mathematics.

Along the lines developed by Grothendieck, this book delves into the rich interplay between algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. A selection is made from the wealth of material in the discipline, along with concise yet clear definitions and synopses.

In recent years, the old idea that gauge theories and string theories are equivalent has been implemented and developed in various ways, and there are by now various models where the string theory / gauge theory correspondence is at work. One of the most important examples of this correspondence relates Chern-Simons theory, a topological gauge theory in three dimensions which describes knot and three-manifold invariants, to topological string theory, which is deeply related to Gromov-Witten invariants. This has led to some surprising relations between three-manifold geometry and enumerative geometry. This book gives the first coherent presentation of this and other related topics. After an introduction to matrix models and Chern-Simons theory, the book describes in detail the topological string theories that correspond to these gauge theories and develops the mathematical implications of this duality for the enumerative geometry of Calabi-Yau manifolds and knot theory. It is written in a pedagogical style and will be useful reading for graduate students and researchers in both mathematics and physics willing to learn about these developments.

This is a book about prime numbers, congruences, secret messages, and elliptic curves that you can read cover to cover. It grew out of undergr- uate courses that the author taught at Harvard, UC San Diego, and the University of Washington. The systematic study of number theory was initiated around 300B. C. when Euclid proved that there are in?nitely many prime numbers, and also cleverly deduced the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, which asserts that every positive integer factors uniquely as a product of primes. Over a thousand years later (around 972A. D. ) Arab mathematicians formulated the congruent number problem that asks for a way to decide whether or not a given positive integer n is the area of a right triangle, all three of whose sides are rational numbers. Then another thousand years later (in 1976), Di?e and Hellman introduced the ?rst ever public-key cryptosystem, which enabled two people to communicate secretely over a public communications channel with no predetermined secret; this invention and the ones that followed it revolutionized the world of digital communication. In the 1980s and 1990s, elliptic curves revolutionized number theory, providing striking new insights into the congruent number problem, primality testing, publ- key cryptography, attacks on public-key systems, and playing a central role in Andrew Wiles' resolution of Fermat's Last Theorem.

From the reviews: "The 2nd (slightly enlarged) edition of the van Lint's book is a short, concise, mathematically rigorous introduction to the subject. Basic notions and ideas are clearly presented from the mathematician's point of view and illustrated on various special classes of codes...This nice book is a must for every mathematician wishing to introduce himself to the algebraic theory of coding." European Mathematical Society Newsletter, 1993 "Despite the existence of so many other books on coding theory, this present volume will continue to hold its place as one of the standard texts...." The Mathematical Gazette, 1993