This volume contains 17 surveys that cover many recent developments in Discrete Geometry and related fields. Besides presenting the state-of-the-art of classical research subjects like packing and covering, it also offers an introduction to new topological, algebraic and computational methods in this very active research field. The readers will find a variety of modern topics and many fascinating open problems that may serve as starting points for research.

This two volume work on Positivity in Algebraic Geometry contains a contemporary account of a body of work in complex algebraic geometry loosely centered around the theme of positivity. Topics in Volume I include ample line bundles and linear series on a projective variety, the classical theorems of Lefschetz and Bertini and their modern outgrowths, vanishing theorems, and local positivity. Volume II begins with a survey of positivity for vector bundles, and moves on to a systematic development of the theory of multiplier ideals and their applications. A good deal of this material has not previously appeared in book form, and substantial parts are worked out here in detail for the first time. At least a third of the book is devoted to concrete examples, applications, and pointers to further developments.

Volume I is more elementary than Volume II, and, for the most part, it can be read without access to Volume II.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute "Axiomatic, enriched and rna tivic homotopy theory" took place at the Isaac Newton Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, England during 9-20 September 2002. The Directors were J.P.C.Greenlees and I.Zhukov; the other or ganizers were P.G.Goerss, F.Morel, J.F.Jardine and V.P.Snaith. The title describes the content well, and both the event and the contents of the present volume reflect recent remarkable successes in model categor ies, structured ring spectra and homotopy theory of algebraic geometry. The ASI took the form of a series of 15 minicourses and a few extra lectures, and was designed to provide background, and to bring the par ticipants up to date with developments. The present volume is based on a number of the lectures given during the workshop. The ASI was the opening workshop of the four month programme "New Contexts for Stable Homotopy Theory" which explored several themes in greater depth. I am grateful to the Isaac Newton Institute for providing such an ideal venue, the NATO Science Committee for their funding, and to all the speakers at the conference, whether or not they were able to contribute to the present volume. All contributions were refereed, and I thank the authors and referees for their efforts to fit in with the tight schedule. Finally, I would like to thank my coorganizers and all the staff at the Institute for making the ASI run so smoothly. J.P.C.GREENLEES."

Elementary number theory is concerned with arithmetic properties of the ring of integers. Early in the development of number theory, it was noticed that the ring of integers has many properties in common with the ring of polynomials over a finite field. The first part of this book illustrates this relationship by presenting, for example, analogues of the theorems of Fermat and Euler, Wilson¿s theorem, quadratic (and higher) reciprocity, the prime number theorem, and Dirichlet¿s theorem on primes in an arithmetic progression. After presenting the required foundational material on function fields, the later chapters explore the analogy between global function fields and algebraic number fields. A variety of topics are presented, including: the ABC-conjecture, Artin¿s conjecture on primitive roots, the Brumer-Stark conjecture, Drinfeld modules, class number formulae, and average value theorems.

This book arises from the INdAM Meeting "Complex and Symplectic Geometry", which was held in Cortona in June 2016. Several leading specialists, including young researchers, in the field of complex and symplectic geometry, present the state of the art of their research on topics such as the cohomology of complex manifolds; analytic techniques in Kahler and non-Kahler geometry; almost-complex and symplectic structures; special structures on complex manifolds; and deformations of complex objects. The work is intended for researchers in these areas.

This book gathers contributions by respected experts on the theory of isometric immersions between Riemannian manifolds, and focuses on the geometry of CR structures on submanifolds in Hermitian manifolds. CR structures are a bundle theoretic recast of the tangential Cauchy-Riemann equations in complex analysis involving several complex variables. The book covers a wide range of topics such as Sasakian geometry, Kaehler and locally conformal Kaehler geometry, the tangential CR equations, Lorentzian geometry, holomorphic statistical manifolds, and paraquaternionic CR submanifolds. Intended as a tribute to Professor Aurel Bejancu, who discovered the notion of a CR submanifold of a Hermitian manifold in 1978, the book provides an up-to-date overview of several topics in the geometry of CR submanifolds. Presenting detailed information on the most recent advances in the area, it represents a useful resource for mathematicians and physicists alike.

This book is a basic reference in the modern theory of holomorphic foliations, presenting the interplay between various aspects of the theory and utilizing methods from algebraic and complex geometry along with techniques from complex dynamics and several complex variables. The result is a solid introduction to the theory of foliations, covering basic concepts through modern results on the structure of foliations on complex projective spaces.

The pioneering work of French mathematician Pierre de Fermat has attracted the attention of mathematicians for over 350 years. This book was written in honor of the 400th anniversary of his birth, providing readers with an overview of the many properties of Fermat numbers and demonstrating their applications in areas such as number theory, probability theory, geometry, and signal processing. This book introduces a general mathematical audience to basic mathematical ideas and algebraic methods connected with the Fermat numbers.

The modern theory of Kleinian groups starts with the work of Lars Ahlfors and Lipman Bers; specifically with Ahlfors' finiteness theorem, and Bers' observation that their joint work on the Beltrami equation has deep implications for the theory of Kleinian groups and their deformations. From the point of view of uniformizations of Riemann surfaces, Bers' observation has the consequence that the question of understanding the different uniformizations of a finite Riemann surface poses a purely topological problem; it is independent of the conformal structure on the surface. The last two chapters here give a topological description of the set of all (geometrically finite) uniformizations of finite Riemann surfaces. We carefully skirt Ahlfors' finiteness theorem. For groups which uniformize a finite Riemann surface; that is, groups with an invariant component, one can either start with the assumption that the group is finitely generated, and then use the finiteness theorem to conclude that the group represents only finitely many finite Riemann surfaces, or, as we do here, one can start with the assumption that, in the invariant component, the group represents a finite Riemann surface, and then, using essentially topological techniques, reach the same conclusion. More recently, Bill Thurston wrought a revolution in the field by showing that one could analyze Kleinian groups using 3-dimensional hyperbolic geome try, and there is now an active school of research using these methods."

The Curves The Point of View of Max Noether Probably the oldest references to the problem of resolution of singularities are found in Max Noether's works on plane curves [cf. [148], [149]]. And probably the origin of the problem was to have a formula to compute the genus of a plane curve. The genus is the most useful birational invariant of a curve in classical projective geometry. It was long known that, for a plane curve of degree n having l m ordinary singular points with respective multiplicities ri, i E {1, . . . , m}, the genus p of the curve is given by the formula = (n - l)(n - 2) _ ~ "r. (r. _ 1) P 2 2 L. . ,. ** . Of course, the problem now arises: how to compute the genus of a plane curve having some non-ordinary singularities. This leads to the natural question: can we birationally transform any (singular) plane curve into another one having only ordinary singularities? The answer is positive. Let us give a flavor (without proofs) 2 on how Noether did it * To solve the problem, it is enough to consider a special kind of Cremona trans formations, namely quadratic transformations of the projective plane. Let ~ be a linear system of conics with three non-collinear base points r = {Ao, AI, A }, 2 and take a projective frame of the type {Ao, AI, A ; U}.

This is a monograph that details the use of Siegel's method and the classical results of homotopy groups of spheres and Lie groups to determine some Gottlieb groups of projective spaces or to give the lower bounds of their orders. Making use of the properties of Whitehead products, the authors also determine some Whitehead center groups of projective spaces that are relevant and new within this monograph.

This book presents algorithmic tools for algebraic geometry and experimental applications of them. It also introduces a software system in which the tools have been implemented and with which the experiments can be carried out. Macaulay 2 is a computer algebra system devoted to supporting research in algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and their applications. The reader of this book will encounter Macaulay 2 in the context of concrete applications and practical computations in algebraic geometry. The expositions of the algorithmic tools presented here are designed to serve as a useful guide for those wishing to bring such tools to bear on their own problems. These expositions will be valuable to both the users of other programs similar to Macaulay 2 (for example, Singular and CoCoA) and those who are not interested in explicit machine computations at all. The first part of the book is primarily concerned with introducing Macaulay2, whereas the second part emphasizes the mathematics.

Author S.A. Stepanov thoroughly investigates the current state of the theory of Diophantine equations and its related methods. Discussions focus on arithmetic, algebraic-geometric, and logical aspects of the problem. Designed for students as well as researchers, the book includes over 250 excercises accompanied by hints, instructions, and references. Written in a clear manner, this text does not require readers to have special knowledge of modern methods of algebraic geometry.

This book is based on a series of lectures given by the author at SISSA, Trieste, within the PhD courses Techniques in enumerative geometry (2019) and Localisation in enumerative geometry (2021). The goal of this book is to provide a gentle introduction, aimed mainly at graduate students, to the fast-growing subject of enumerative geometry and, more specifically, counting invariants in algebraic geometry. In addition to the more advanced techniques explained and applied in full detail to concrete calculations, the book contains the proofs of several background results, important for the foundations of the theory. In this respect, this text is conceived for PhD students or research "beginners" in the field of enumerative geometry or related areas. This book can be read as an introduction to Hilbert schemes and Quot schemes on 3-folds but also as an introduction to localisation formulae in enumerative geometry. It is meant to be accessible without a strong background in algebraic geometry; however, three appendices (one on deformation theory, one on intersection theory, one on virtual fundamental classes) are meant to help the reader dive deeper into the main material of the book and to make the text itself as self-contained as possible.

"Presents the proceedings of the recently held Third International Conference on Commutative Ring Theory in Fez, Morocco. Details the latest developments in commutative algebra and related areas-featuring 26 original research articles and six survey articles on fundamental topics of current interest. Examines wide-ranging developments in commutative algebra, together with connections to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry."

Let G be a group. An automorphism of G is called intense if it sends each subgroup of G to a conjugate; the collection of such automorphisms is denoted by Int(G). In the special case in which p is a prime number and G is a finite p-group, one can show that Int(G) is the semidirect product of a normal p-Sylow and a cyclic subgroup of order dividing p?1. In this paper we classify the finite p-groups whose groups of intense automorphisms are not themselves p-groups. It emerges from our investigation that the structure of such groups is almost completely determined by their nilpotency class: for p > 3, they share a quotient, growing with their class, with a uniquely determined infinite 2-generated pro-p group.

Higher-dimensional algebraic geometry studies the classification theory of algebraic varieties. This very active area of research is still developing, but an amazing quantity of knowledge has accumulated over the past twenty years. The author¿s goal is to provide an easily accessible introduction to the subject. The book covers preparatory and standard definitions and results, moves on to discuss various aspects of the geometry of smooth projective varieties with many rational curves, and finishes in taking the first steps towards Mori¿s minimal model program of classification of algebraic varieties by proving the cone and contraction theorems. The book is well organized and the author has kept the number of concepts that are used but not proved to a minimum to provide a mostly self-contained introduction to graduate students and researchers.

This self-contained monograph explores a new theory centered around boolean representations of simplicial complexes leading to a new class of complexes featuring matroids as central to the theory. The book illustrates these new tools to study the classical theory of matroids as well as their important geometric connections. Moreover, many geometric and topological features of the theory of matroids find their counterparts in this extended context. Graduate students and researchers working in the areas of combinatorics, geometry, topology, algebra and lattice theory will find this monograph appealing due to the wide range of new problems raised by the theory. Combinatorialists will find this extension of the theory of matroids useful as it opens new lines of research within and beyond matroids. The geometric features and geometric/topological applications will appeal to geometers. Topologists who desire to perform algebraic topology computations will appreciate the algorithmic potential of boolean representable complexes.

This book offers a rigorous and coherent introduction to the five basic number systems of mathematics, namely natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. It is a subject that many mathematicians believe should be learned by any student of mathematics including future teachers. The book starts with the development of Peano arithmetic in the first chapter which includes mathematical induction and elements of recursion theory. It proceeds to an examination of integers that also covers rings and ordered integral domains. The presentation of rational numbers includes material on ordered fields and convergence of sequences in these fields. Cauchy and Dedekind completeness properties of the field of real numbers are established, together with some properties of real continuous functions. An elementary proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra is the highest point of the chapter on complex numbers. The great merit of the book lies in its extensive list of exercises following each chapter. These exercises are designed to assist the instructor and to enhance the learning experience of the students.

The book deals with fundamental structural aspects of algebraic and simple groups, Coxeter groups and the related geometries and buildings. All contributing authors are very active researchers in the topics related to the theme of the book. Some of the articles provide the latest developments in the subject; some provide an overview of the current status of some important problems in this area; some survey an area highlighting the current developments; and some provide an exposition of an area to collect problems and conjectures. It is hoped that these articles would be helpful to a beginner to start independent research on any of these topics, as well as to an expert to know some of the latest developments or to consider some problems for investigation.

An incredible season for algebraic geometry flourished in Italy between 1860, when Luigi Cremona was assigned the chair of Geometria Superiore in Bologna, and 1959, when Francesco Severi published the last volume of the treatise on algebraic systems over a surface and an algebraic variety. This century-long season has had a prominent influence on the evolution of complex algebraic geometry - both at the national and international levels - and still inspires modern research in the area. "Algebraic geometry in Italy between tradition and future" is a collection of contributions aiming at presenting some of these powerful ideas and their connection to contemporary and, if possible, future developments, such as Cremonian transformations, birational classification of high-dimensional varieties starting from Gino Fano, the life and works of Guido Castelnuovo, Francesco Severi's mathematical library, etc. The presentation is enriched by the viewpoint of various researchers of the history of mathematics, who describe the cultural milieu and tell about the bios of some of the most famous mathematicians of those times.

In the fall of 1992 I was invited by Professor Changho Keem to visit Seoul National University and give a series of talks. I was asked to write a monograph based on my talks, and the result was published by the Global Analysis Research Center of that University in 1994. The monograph treated deficiency modules and liaison theory for complete intersections. Over the next several years I continually thought of improvements and additions that I would like to make to the manuscript, and at the same time my research led me in directions that gave me a fresh perspective on much of the material, especially in the direction of liaison theory. This re sulted in a dramatic change in the focus of this manuscript, from complete intersections to Gorenstein ideals, and a substantial amount of additions and revisions. It is my hope that this book now serves not only as an introduction to a beautiful subject, but also gives the reader a glimpse at very recent developments and an idea of the direction in which liaison theory is going, at least from my perspective. One theme which I have tried to stress is the tremendous amount of geometry which lies at the heart of the subject, and the beautiful interplay between algebra and geometry. Whenever possible I have given remarks and examples to illustrate this interplay, and I have tried to phrase the results in as geometric a way as possible."

This comprehensive reference begins with a review of the basics followed by a presentation of flag varieties and finite- and infinite-dimensional representations in classical types and subvarieties of flag varieties and their singularities. Associated varieties and characteristic cycles are covered as well and Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials are treated. The coverage concludes with a discussion of pattern avoidance and singularities and some recent results on Springer fibers.

Often I have considered the fact that most of the difficulties which block the progress of students trying to learn analysis stem from this: that although they understand little of ordinary algebra, still they attempt this more subtle art. From this it follows not only that they remain on the fringes, but in addition they entertain strange ideas about the concept of the infinite, which they must try to use. Although analysis does not require an exhaustive knowledge of algebra, even of all the algebraic technique so far discovered, still there are topics whose con sideration prepares a student for a deeper understanding. However, in the ordinary treatise on the elements of algebra, these topics are either completely omitted or are treated carelessly. For this reason, I am cer tain that the material I have gathered in this book is quite sufficient to remedy that defect. I have striven to develop more adequately and clearly than is the usual case those things which are absolutely required for analysis. More over, I have also unraveled quite a few knotty problems so that the reader gradually and almost imperceptibly becomes acquainted with the idea of the infinite. There are also many questions which are answered in this work by means of ordinary algebra, although they are usually discussed with the aid of analysis. In this way the interrelationship between the two methods becomes clear."

This book offers an up-to-date, comprehensive account of determinantal rings and varieties, presenting a multitude of methods used in their study, with tools from combinatorics, algebra, representation theory and geometry. After a concise introduction to Groebner and Sagbi bases, determinantal ideals are studied via the standard monomial theory and the straightening law. This opens the door for representation theoretic methods, such as the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence, which provide a description of the Groebner bases of determinantal ideals, yielding homological and enumerative theorems on determinantal rings. Sagbi bases then lead to the introduction of toric methods. In positive characteristic, the Frobenius functor is used to study properties of singularities, such as F-regularity and F-rationality. Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity, an important complexity measure in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, is introduced in the general setting of a Noetherian base ring and then applied to powers and products of ideals. The remainder of the book focuses on algebraic geometry, where general vanishing results for the cohomology of line bundles on flag varieties are presented and used to obtain asymptotic values of the regularity of symbolic powers of determinantal ideals. In characteristic zero, the Borel-Weil-Bott theorem provides sharper results for GL-invariant ideals. The book concludes with a computation of cohomology with support in determinantal ideals and a survey of their free resolutions. Determinants, Groebner Bases and Cohomology provides a unique reference for the theory of determinantal ideals and varieties, as well as an introduction to the beautiful mathematics developed in their study. Accessible to graduate students with basic grounding in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, it can be used alongside general texts to illustrate the theory with a particularly interesting and important class of varieties.