This book will fulfill the needs of time-domain spectroscopists who wish to deepen their understanding of both the theoretical and experimental features of this cutting-edge spectroscopy technique. Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy (CMDS) is a state-of-the-art technique with applications in a variety of subjects like chemistry, molecular physics, biochemistry, biophysics, and material science. Due to dramatic advancements of ultrafast laser technologies, diverse multidimensional spectroscopic methods utilizing combinations of THz, IR, visible, UV, and X-ray radiation sources have been developed and used to study real time dynamics of small molecules in solutions, proteins and nucleic acids in condensed phases and membranes, single and multiple excitons in functional materials like semiconductors, quantum dots, and solar cells, photo-excited states in light-harvesting complexes, ions in battery electrolytes, electronic and conformational changes in charge or proton transfer systems, and excess electrons and protons in water and biological systems.

An all-inclusive guide on the analytical methods of Raman, infrared, and near-infrared chemical imaging

An underutilized technology, chemical imaging through Raman, infrared (IR), and near-infrared (NIR) is beginning to gain recognition for its non-destructive method of permitting visualization of spatially resolved chemical information. This type of analysis is triggering a groundswell of demand as manufactured materials become more complex and the need for greater scrutiny and less damaging research practices is at a premium. Concentrating on the applications of chemical imaging, this book presents a thorough background on the theory, software, and hardware employed in this analytical technique. With full examination of this rapidly growing field, this book:

Combines many different aspects and applications into one comprehensive volume

Discusses how chemical imaging techniques have expanded greatly in terms of instruments and applications, but have lagged in general awareness among scientists and industries that would benefit the most from them

Describes chemical imaging uses in key areas--biomedical, pharmaceutical, food, and polymer research

Has chapters that outline hardware and instrumentation for the different methods of chemical imaging

Encapsulating analytic methods without complicating the subject matter, this book shows where chemical imaging has been successfully applied, inspiring researchers to cultivate the exciting capabilities rooted within this powerful and multifaceted technology.

Impedance Spectroscopy is a powerful measurement method used in many application fields such as electrochemistry, material science, biology and medicine, semiconductor industry and sensors. Using the complex impedance at various frequencies increases the informational basis that can be gained during a measurement. It helps to separate different effects that contribute to a measurement and, together with advanced mathematical methods, non-accessible quantities can be calculated. This book is the fourth in the series Lecture Notes on Impedance Spectroscopy (LNIS). The series covers new advances in the field of impedance spectroscopy including fundamentals, methods and applications. It releases scientific contributions from the International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS) as extended chapters including detailed information about recent scientific research results. This book is of interest to graduated students, engineers, researchers and specialists dealing with impedance spectroscopy. It includes fundamentals of impedance spectroscopy as well as specific theoretical and practical aspects from many applications in various fields.

Flame Spectrometry in Environmental Chemical Analysis is a simple, user-friendly guide to safe flame spectrometric methods for environmental samples. It explains key processes involved in achieving accurate and reliable results in atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry and flame emission spectrometry, showing the inter-relationship of the three techniques, and their relative importance. Flame Spectrometry in Environmental Chemical Analysis presents the important information with thoroughness and clarity, and in a style that makes it valuable to students and researchers using these techniques. It also offers straightforward reading for environmentalists with interests in such areas as pollution research, agriculture, ecology, soil science, geology and forestry; informing researchers of exactly what they can expect to be able to determine by flame spectrometric methods. Newcomers to flame spectrometry will gain increased confidence, job skills and many handy tips and ideas from this book. It will impart a strong working knowledge that can be translated into sound data in the laboratory.

This book comprises seventeen independent essays on little remembered chemists whose contributions have had significant impact on chemistry and society. Among these chemists, readers will find names such as Alexander Borodin and Sir William Crookes, whose fame is known but not their chemistry. In the remaining fifteen essays readers will discover about less well-known chemists such as Frederick Accum, John Mercer and Ellen Swallow Richards. Each essay is complete in itself with selection made without regard to the area of chemistry involved, and they appear alphabetically by the family name of individual. This collection of essays consists of selections from the series originally published quarterly as Some Unremembered Chemists in the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry in-house journal, Chemistry in New Zealand (2013-2018). They are abstracted, edited and abbreviated slightly, and appear with the permission of the copyright holder.

The second edition of this ACOL text, which was first published in 1987, continues to provide the analyst with an excellent introduction to mass spectrometry by the adoption of a practical approach in which the theoretical and operational aspects of this major analytical technique are combined. In the revised edition of this text, the author has expanded upon and reorganised the earlier material in order to bring it completely up to date. In addition to the basic theory of ion formation and behaviour, instrumentation and the interpretation of the spectra of simple organic compounds, this new edition reflects a number of the very important developments which have taken place in this field since the late 1980s. These include the burgeoning area of hyphenated mass spectral techniques, including gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography—gas chromatography (LC-GS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Associated newer methods of interfacing, such as electrospray and ionspray, particle-beam and continuous flow coupling and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionisation are also covered. The current widespread use of computing techniques in structure elucidation is also considered, along with the important area of inorganic mass spectrometry for analysing surfaces, bulk solids and solutions. Analytical Chemistry By Open Learning This series provides a uniquely comprehensive and integrated coverage of analytical chemistry, covering basic concepts, classical methods, instrumental techniques and applications. The learning objectives of each text are clearly identified and the student’s understanding of the material is constantly challenged by self-assessment questions with reinforcing or remedial responses. The overall objective of Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning is to enable the student to select and apply appropriate methods and techniques to solve analytical problems, and to interpret the results obtained. We are grateful to Dr Roger Taylor of the University of Sussex, UK for supplying the spectrum of fullerene used on the front cover.

The First Book on CRS Microscopy

Compared to conventional Raman microscopy, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) allows label-free imaging of living cells and tissues at video rate by enhancing the weak Raman signal through nonlinear excitation. Edited by pioneers in the field and with contributions from a distinguished team of experts, Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy explains how CRS can be used to obtain a point-by-point chemical map of live cells and tissues.

In color throughout, the book starts by establishing the foundation of CRS microscopy. It discusses the principles of nonlinear optical spectroscopy, particularly coherent Raman spectroscopy, and presents the theories of contrast mechanisms pertinent to CRS microscopy. The text then provides important technical aspects of CRS microscopy, including microscope construction, detection schemes, and data analyses. It concludes with a survey of applications that demonstrate how CRS microscopy has become a valuable tool in biomedicine.

Due to its label-free, noninvasive examinations of living cells and organisms, CRS microscopy has opened up exciting prospects in biology and medicine from the mapping of 3D distributions of small drug molecules to identifying tumors in tissues. An in-depth exploration of the theories, technology, and applications, this book shows how CRS microscopy has impacted human health and will deepen our understanding of life processes in the future."

A rapidly growing field, vibrational spectroscopy has found applications in industries including pharmaceutical manufacture, food and drug safety, and process monitoring on production lines. In particular, interest in clinical spectroscopy is rising rapidly as researchers recognize the potential of the vibrational spectroscopic techniques-Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy-as noninvasive tissue diagnosis tools. However, the details of the characteristic peak frequencies and their relationship to specific functional groups present in the biological tissues have not been fully understood. Vibrational Spectroscopy for Tissue Analysis introduces IR and Raman Spectroscopy to those scientists who are either using these spectroscopic techniques to address clinical problems or planning to use spectroscopy to analyze clinical tissues and understand their chemical composition. By compiling the interpretations and understandings of the spectral peaks of the biological molecules in one place, this book aids in the understanding of IR and Raman Spectroscopy, and what these techniques can offer both in early diagnosis of the disease and monitoring of the progression of the disease. Despite the tremendous advances in the field of spectroscopy, where new applications are emerging at the pace of development, there are still areas of research that are crying for further exploration. This book bridges the gap between the spectroscopic research and medical applications.

Impedance Spectroscopy is a powerful measurement method used in many application fields such as electrochemistry, material science, biology and medicine, semiconductor industry and sensors. The International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy is an international workshop addressing fundamentals and applications of impedance spectroscopy. This book is the first in the series Lecture Notes on Impedance Spectroscopy (LNIS). The series covers new advances in the field of impedance spectroscopy including fundamentals, methods and applications. It releases scientific contributions as extended chapters including detailed information about recent scientific research results.

Offers an overview of the analysis of art and archaeological materials using techniques based on mass spectrometry Illustrates basic principles, procedures and applications of mass spectrometric techniques. Fills a gap in the field of application on destructive methods in the analysis of museum objects Edited by a world-wide respected specialists with extensive experience of the GC/MS analysis of art objects Such a handbook has been long-awaited by scientists, restorers and other experts in the analysis of art objects

This book addresses the development of electronic devices using redox-active organic molecules and their porous coordination networks (PCNs), and highlights the importance of the molecular arrangement. Redox-active organic molecules hold considerable promise as flexible electronic elements, because their electronic state can easily be controlled using external energy. Although various kinds of redox-active organic molecules have been synthesized, attempts to apply them to electronic devices have been limited, owing to the lack of proper structural design. Moreover, ligand-based redox-active PCNs remain largely unexplored because of the limited availability of redox-active ligands. In addition to developing new redox-active organic molecules, in order to design electronic devices based on these molecules/PCNs, it is essential to understand the connections between their molecular arrangement, electrical properties, and redox activity. In this thesis, the redox-active organic molecule 2,5,8-tri(4-pyridyl)1,3-diazaphenalene (TPDAP), which features a large pi plane and multi-intermolecular interactivity, is used to develop a resistive switching memory device. In addition, its PCNs are synthesized to fabricate chemiresistive sensors, and the electrical properties are modulated using post-synthetic modification. Each mechanism is systematically investigated by means of structural determination and well-defined control experiments. Subsequently, the book proposes general guidelines for designing electronic devices using redox-active organic molecules. The book will appeal to a broad range of readers, from basic scientists to materials engineers, as well as general, non-expert readers.

This 1998 book was the first to describe ZEKE (Zero Kinetic Energy) spectroscopy, a high resolution spectroscopy of molecular ions, neutral short-lived intermediates, and other species. The author's approach is to use a minimum of equations with large numbers of figures to help the reader towards a basic understanding of the many unique concepts of this form of spectroscopy. Since 1984 ZEKE spectroscopy has matured into a very high resolution spectroscopy for the study of cations, anions and, indirectly through these species, of neutrals, including very short-lived intermediates in chemical reactions. It has even yielded the first direct spectroscopic data on elusive transition states of chemical reactions. This book will be of interest to anyone interested in the spectroscopy of ions or neutrals, particularly short-lived neutrals, and to reaction kineticists interested in the study of reactions involving such highly state-selected species.

This book presents and discusses recent developments in the broad field of spectroscopy, providing the reader with an updated overview. The main objective is to introduce them to recent innovations and current trends in spectroscopy applied to molecules and materials. The book also brings together experimentalists and theoreticians to highlight the multidimensional aspects of spectroscopy and discuss the latest issues. Accordingly, it provides insights not only into the general goals of spectroscopy, but also into how the various spectroscopic techniques represent a toolbox that can be used to gain a more detailed understanding of molecular systems and complex chemical problems. Besides technical aspects, basic theoretical interpretations of spectroscopic results are also presented. The spectroscopy techniques discussed include UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, IR absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and time-resolved spectroscopy. In turn, basic tools like lasers and theoretical modeling approaches are also presented. Lastly, applications for the characterization of fundamental properties of molecules (environmental aspects, biomolecules, pharmaceutical drugs, hazardous molecules, etc.) and materials (nanomaterials, nuclear chemistry materials, biomaterials, etc.) are discussed. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers from various branches of science, and presents new techniques that can be applied to their specific problems.

The analytical power of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) instruments is poised to advance this technology from research to analytical laboratories. Exploring these developments at this critical juncture, Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry: Theory and Applications covers the tools, techniques, and applications involved when molecular size and shape information is combined with the well-known analytical advantages of high-performance mass spectrometry. One of the Most Exciting Developments in Contemporary Mass Spectrometry After presenting an overview chapter and the fundamentals, the book focuses on instrumentation and ionization sources. It describes an ion-mobility-capable quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, the differential mobility analyzer, a cryogenic-temperature ion mobility mass spectrometer, the atmospheric solids analysis probe method, and laserspray ionization. In the final applications-oriented chapters, the contributors explore how homebuilt and commercial instruments using electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) methods are employed to solve biological and synthetic issues. Harness the Power of IMS-MS for Analyzing Complex Substances This work helps readers unfamiliar with IMS-MS to understand its fundamental theory and practical applications. It also encourages them to investigate the potential analytical uses of IMS-MS and further explore the power of this method. Numerous color figures are included on downloadable resources.

Combines clear and concise discussions of key NMR concepts with succinct and illustrative examples Designed to cover a full course in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, this text offers complete coverage of classic (one-dimensional) NMR as well as up-to-date coverage of two-dimensional NMR and other modern methods. It contains practical advice, theory, illustrated applications, and classroom-tested problems; looks at such important ideas as relaxation, NOEs, phase cycling, and processing parameters; and provides brief, yet fully comprehensible, examples. It also uniquely lists all of the general parameters for many experiments including mixing times, number of scans, relaxation times, and more. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Principles, Applications, and Experimental Methods, 2nd Edition begins by introducing readers to NMR spectroscopy - an analytical technique used in modern chemistry, biochemistry, and biology that allows identification and characterization of organic, and some inorganic, compounds. It offers chapters covering: Experimental Methods; The Chemical Shift; The Coupling Constant; Further Topics in One-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy; Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy; Advanced Experimental Methods; and Structural Elucidation. Features classical analysis of chemical shifts and coupling constants for both protons and other nuclei, as well as modern multi-pulse and multi-dimensional methods Contains experimental procedures and practical advice relative to the execution of NMR experiments Includes a chapter-long, worked-out problem that illustrates the application of nearly all current methods Offers appendices containing the theoretical basis of NMR, including the most modern approach that uses product operators and coherence-level diagrams By offering a balance between volumes aimed at NMR specialists and the structure-determination-only books that focus on synthetic organic chemists, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Principles, Applications, and Experimental Methods, 2nd Edition is an excellent text for students and post-graduate students working in analytical and bio-sciences, as well as scientists who use NMR spectroscopy as a primary tool in their work.

This book comprises the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Microscopy Conference (APMC12) focusing on emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of materials sciences, life sciences and microscopy techniques. The contents of this volume include papers on aberration corrected TEM & STEM, SEM - FIB, ion beam microscopy, electron diffraction & crystallography, microscopy and imaging associated with bio-nanotechnology, medical applications, host-pathogen interaction, etc. This book will be beneficial to researchers, educators, and practitioners alike.

Assembling the work of an international panel of researchers, Mass Spectrometry of Nucleosides and Nucleic Acids summarizes and reviews the latest developments in the field and provides a window on the next generation of analysis. Beginning with an overview of recent developments, the book highlights the most popular ionization methods and illustrates the diversity of strategies employed in the characterization and sequencing of DNA and RNA oligomers, nucleosides, nucleotides, and adducts. It describes studies performed on deoxyinosine and its analogues and provides an introduction to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).

Next, the contributors examine mass spectrometric application in the study of cyclic nucleotides in biochemical signal transduction. They analyze urinary modified nucleosides and explore DNA adducts. They discuss isotope labeling of DNA-mass spectrometry (ILD-MS) and examine various uses of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The book reviews recent progress in the direct MS characterization of noncovalent nucleic acid-protein complexes, explores the interaction and ionization of guanidine-derived compounds with highly acidic biomolecules, and examines quantitative identification of nucleic acids via signature digestion products detected using mass spectrometry.

The book describes a direct-infusion ESI-MS approach that can serve as a screening technique for the presence of modified nucleosides from small RNAs. Lastly, it discusses the LC-MS/MS method for the in vitro replication studies on damage-containing DNA substrates, and concludes with an examination of the influence of metal ions on the structure and reactivity of nucleic acids.

The exciting developments in mass spectrometry technology have fueled incredible advances in our understanding of nucleic acids and their complexes. The contributions presented in this volume capture the range of these advances, helping to inspire new findings and avenues of research.

The first edition of this now classic work helped to establish mass spectrometry as the premier tool for drug metabolism studies. Completely rewritten from start to finish, Using Mass Spectrometry for Drug Metabolism Studies, Second Edition brings medicinal chemists and mass spectrometry professionals up to speed with the rapid advances in the field, the emergence of cutting-edge approaches, and ways to meet steadily increasing vendor demands. Written by international scientists who are experts in their respective disciplines, this state-of-the-art reference effectively encapsulates current mass spectrometry best practices. The stand-alone chapters cover various topics - from metabolite identification to fast chromatography with UPLC - and in a style that is understandable to experts and field newcomers alike. The second edition of this bestseller includes coverage of new instrumentation and software as well as a wealth of updated information on the latest findings surrounding biomarkers and metabolomics and new chapters on both UPLC and DESI/DART. With more than 180 illustrations and an eight-page color insert, this valuable reference explores multiple modern mass spectrometry techniques and strategies. It includes an excellent overview of the entire drug discovery process plus the latest developments on how mass spectrometry is used to support this endeavor.

A richly illustrated undergraduate textbook on the physics and biology of light Students in the physical and life sciences, and in engineering, need to know about the physics and biology of light. Recently, it has become increasingly clear that an understanding of the quantum nature of light is essential, both for the latest imaging technologies and to advance our knowledge of fundamental life processes, such as photosynthesis and human vision. From Photon to Neuron provides undergraduates with an accessible introduction to the physics of light and offers a unified view of a broad range of optical and biological phenomena. Along the way, this richly illustrated textbook builds the necessary background in neuroscience, photochemistry, and other disciplines, with applications to optogenetics, superresolution microscopy, the single-photon response of individual photoreceptor cells, and more. With its integrated approach, From Photon to Neuron can be used as the basis for interdisciplinary courses in physics, biophysics, sensory neuroscience, biophotonics, bioengineering, or nanotechnology. The goal is always for students to gain the fluency needed to derive every result for themselves, so the book includes a wealth of exercises, including many that guide students to create computer-based solutions. Supplementary online materials include real experimental data to use with the exercises. * Assumes familiarity with first-year undergraduate physics and the corresponding math * Overlaps the goals of the MCAT, which now includes data-based and statistical reasoning * Advanced chapters and sections also make the book suitable for graduate courses * An Instructor's Guide and illustration package is available to professors

Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History highlights the important contributions Raman spectroscopy makes as a non-destructive method for characterising the chemical composition and structure and in determining the provenance and authenticity of objects of archaeological and historical importance. It brings together studies from diverse areas and represents the first dedicated work on the use of this technique in this increasingly important field. Coverage includes: An Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy, including practical aspects of Raman spectroscopy and complementary techniques; Dyes and Pigments; Artefacts; Biological Materials and Degradation; Jewellery and Precious Stones. The book contains a broad selection of real-world examples in the form of case studies to provide the reader with a true appreciation of the procedures that need to be invoked to derive spectroscopic information from some of the most challenging specimens and systems. Colour illustrations of objects of investigation and a database of 72 Raman spectra of relevant minerals are included. With its extensive examples, Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History will be of particular interest to specialists in the field, including researchers and scientific/conservation staff in museums. Academics will find it an invaluable reference to the use of Raman spectroscopy.

This book offers a complete diagnosis of concrete samples collected from a pile cap block of residential buildings affected by internal swelling reactions. Covering an extensive laboratory campaign to evaluate the transport properties of concrete samples, as well as their physical and chemical composition using advanced techniques to analyse cores extracted from real buildings that have concrete elements affected by internal swelling reactions (ISR). It features several rehabilitation procedures, pile caps repair and rehabilitation design, executed using strengthening procedures to provide the complete restoration of the structural integrity of the element deteriorated. These rehabilitation procedures proved to be a good solution to retrofit pile cap deteriorated by expansions due to internal swelling reactions of concrete. The book also offers a systematic review of the current state of knowledge and it is a valuable resource for scientists, students, and practitioners in various scientific and engineering disciplines, namely, civil and materials engineering, as well as and other interested parties.

Atomistic simulations of metals under irradiation are indispensable for understanding damage processes at time- and length-scales beyond the reach of experiment. Previously, such simulations have largely ignored the effect of electronic excitations on the atomic dynamics, even though energy exchange between atoms and electrons can have significant effects on the extent and nature of radiation damage. This thesis presents the results of time-dependent tight-binding simulations of radiation damage, in which the evolution of a coupled system of energetic classical ions and quantum mechanical electrons is correctly described. The effects of electronic excitations in collision cascades and ion channeling are explored and a new model is presented, which makes possible the accurate reproduction of non-adiabatic electronic forces in large-scale classical molecular dynamics simulations of metals.

This book introduces the physics and chemistry of plastic scintillators (fluorescent polymers) that are able to emit light when exposed to ionizing radiation, discussing their chemical modification in the early 1950s and 1960s, as well as the renewed upsurge in interest in the 21st century. The book presents contributions from various researchers on broad aspects of plastic scintillators, from physics, chemistry, materials science and applications, covering topics such as the chemical nature of the polymer and/or the fluorophores, modification of the photophysical properties (decay time, emission wavelength) and loading of additives to make the material more sensitive to, e.g., fast neutrons, thermal neutrons or gamma rays. It also describes the benefits of recent technological advances for plastic scintillators, such as nanomaterials and quantum dots, which allow features that were previously not achievable with regular organic molecules or organometallics.