In its nine chapters, this book provides an overview of the state-of-the-art and best practice in several sub-fields of evaluation of text and speech systems and components. The evaluation aspects covered include speech and speaker recognition, speech synthesis, animated talking agents, part-of-speech tagging, parsing, and natural language software like machine translation, information retrieval, question answering, spoken dialogue systems, data resources, and annotation schemes. With its broad coverage and original contributions this book is unique in the field of evaluation of speech and language technology.

This book is of particular relevance to advanced undergraduate students, PhD students, academic and industrial researchers, and practitioners.

CICLing 2008 (www. CICLing. org) was the 9th Annual Conference on Intel- gent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics. The CICLing conferences are intended to provide a wide-scope forum for the discussion of both the art and craft of natural language processing research and the best practices in its applications. This volume contains the papers accepted for oral presentation at the c- ference, as well as several of the best papers accepted for poster presentation. Other papers accepted for poster presentationwerepublished in specialissues of other journals(seethe informationonthe website). Since 2001the CICLing p- ceedings have been published in Springer's Lecture Notes in Computer Science series, as volumes 2004, 2276, 2588, 2945, 3406, 3878, and 4394. The book consists of 12 sections, representative of the main tasks and app- cations of Natural Language Processing: - Language resources - Morphology and syntax - Semantics and discourse - Word sense disambiguation and named entity recognition - Anaphora and co-reference - Machine translation and parallel corpora - Natural language generation - Speech recognition - Information retrieval and question answering - Text classi?cation - Text summarization - Spell checking and authoring aid A total of 204 papers by 438 authors from 39 countries were submitted for evaluation (see Tables 1 and 2). Each submission was reviewed by at least two independent Program Committee members. This volume contains revised v- sions of 52 papers by 129 authors from 24 countries selected for inclusion in the conference program (the acceptance rate was 25. 5%).

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the Joint Chinese-German Workshop on Cognitive Systems held in Shanghai in March 2005.

The 13 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in the book. The workshop served to present the current state of the art in the new transdiscipline of cognitive systems, which is emerging from computer science, the neurosciences, computational linguistics, neurological networks and the new philosophy of mind. The papers are organized in topical sections on multimodal human-computer interfaces, neuropsychology and neurocomputing, Chinese-German natural language processing and psycholinguistics, as well as information processing and retrieval from the semantic Web for intelligent applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, held in February 2006. The 43 revised full papers and 16 revised short papers presented together with three invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 176 submissions. The papers are structured into two parts and organized in topical sections on computational linguistics research.

The structure and properties of any natural language expression depend on its component sub-expressions - "resources" - and relations among them that are sensitive to basic structural properties of order, grouping, and multiplicity. Resource-sensitivity thus provides a perspective on linguistic structure that is well-defined and universally-applicable. The papers in this collection - by J. van Benthem, P. Jacobson, G. JAger, G-J. Kruijff, G. Morrill, R. Muskens, R. Oehrle, and A. Szabolcsi - examine linguistic resources and resource-sensitivity from a variety of perspectives, including:

- Modal aspects of categorial type inference;
- Multi-dimensional type structures and grammatical architecture;
- Resource-sensitive aspects of binding and anaphora;
- Resource-sensitive inference and discourse context.

In particular, the book contains a number of papers treating anaphorically-dependent expressions as functions, whose application to an appropriate argument yields a type and an interpretation directly integratable with the surrounding grammatical structure. To situate this work in a larger setting, the book contains two appendices:

- an introductory guide to resource-sensivity;
- notes on the historical background of resource-sensitive approaches to binding and anaphora.

CICLing 2004 was the 5th Annual Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics; see www.CICLing.org. CICLing conferences are intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting-edge developments in both theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and the practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. These conferences are a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in the two areas. This year we were honored by the presence of our invited speakers Martin KayofStanfordUniversity, PhilipResnikoftheUniversityofMaryland, Ricardo Baeza-Yates of the University of Chile, and Nick Campbell of the ATR Spoken Language Translation Research Laboratories. They delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. Of129submissionsreceived(74fullpapersand44shortpapers), aftercareful international reviewing 74 papers were selected for presentation (40 full papers and35shortpapers), writtenby176authorsfrom21countries: Korea(37), Spain (34), Japan (22), Mexico (15), China (11), Germany (10), Ireland (10), UK (10), Singapore (6), Canada (3), Czech Rep. (3), France (3), Brazil (2), Sweden (2), Taiwan (2), Turkey (2), USA (2), Chile (1), Romania (1), Thailand (1), and The Netherlands (1); the ?gures in parentheses stand for the number of authors from the corresponding co

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, CICLing 2003, held in Mexico City, Mexico in February 2003. The 67 revised papers presented together with 4 keynote papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 92 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on computational linguistics formalisms; semantics and discourse; syntax and POS tagging; parsing techniques; morphology; word sense disambiguation; dictionary, lexicon, and ontology; corpus and language statistics; machine translation and bilingual corpora; text generation; natural language interfaces; speech processing; information retrieval and information extraction; text categorization and clustering; summarization; and spell-checking.

CICLing2002wasthethirdannualConferenceonIntelligenttextprocessingand Computational Linguistics (hence the name CICLing); see www.CICLing.org. It was intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting edge developments in both theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. The c- ference is a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in these two areas. This year we were honored by the presence of our invited speakers Ni- lettaCalzolari (Inst. for Computational Linguistics, Italy), Ruslan Mitkov (U.of Wolverhampton, UK), Ivan Sag (Stanford U., USA), Yorick Wilks (U. of She?eld), and Antonio Zampolli (Inst. for Computational Linguistics, Italy). They delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. Of 67 submissions received, after careful reviewing 48 were selected for p- sentation; of them, 35 as full papers and 13 as short papers; by 98 authors from 19countries: Spain (18 authors), Mexico (13), Japan, UK (8each), Israel (7), Germany, Italy, USA (6each), Switzerland (5), Taiwan(4), Ireland (3), A- tralia, China, CzechRep., France, Russia (2each), Bulgaria, Poland, Romania (1 each).

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the scientific track of the 7th Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, AI*IA 2001, held in Bari, Italy, in September 2001.
The 25 revised long papers and 16 revised short papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the volume. The papers are organized in topical sections on machine learning; automated reasoning; knowledge representation; multi-agent systems; natural language processing; perception, vision, and robotics; and planning and scheduling.

CICLing 2001 is the second annual Conference on Intelligent text processing and Computational Linguistics (hence the name CICLing), see www.CICLing.org. It is intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting edge developments in both theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of the CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. The conference is a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in these two areas. This year our invited speakers were Graeme Hirst (U. Toronto, Canada), Sylvain Kahane (U. Paris 7, France), and Ruslan Mitkov (U. Wolverhampton, UK). They delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. A total of 72 submissions were received, all but very few of surprisingly high quality. After careful reviewing, the Program Committee selected for presentation 53 of them, 41 as full papers and 12 as short papers, by 98 authors from 19 countries: Spain (19 authors), Japan (15), USA (12), France, Mexico (9 each), Sweden (6), Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Russia, United Arab Emirates (3 each), Argentina (2), Bulgaria, The Netherlands, Ukraine, UK, and Uruguay (1 each).

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, TSD 2001, held in Zelezna Ruda, Czech Republic in September 2001.
The 59 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 117 submissions. The book presents a wealth of state-of-the-art research and development results from the field of natural language processing with emphasis on text, speech, and spoken language.

This innovative book develops a formal computational theory of writing systems and relates it to psycholinguistic results. Drawing on case studies of writing systems around the world, it offers specific proposals about the linguistic objects that are represented by orthographic elements and the formal constraints that hold of the mapping relation between them. Based on the insights gained, it posits a new taxonomy of writing systems. The book will be of interest to students and researchers in theoretical and computational linguistics, the psycholinguistics of reading and writing, and speech technology.

Information extraction (IE) is a new technology enabling relevant content to be extracted from textual information available electronically. IE essentially builds on natural language processing and computational linguistics, but it is also closely related to the well established area of information retrieval and involves learning. In concert with other promising intelligent information processing technologies like data mining, intelligent data analysis, text summarization, and information agents, IE plays a crucial role in dealing with the vast amounts of information accessible electronically, for example from the Internet. The book is based on the Second International School on Information Extraction, SCIE-99, held in Frascati near Rome, Italy in June/July 1999.

This volume collects landmark research in a burgeoning field of visual analytics for linguistics, called LingVis. Combining linguistic data and linguistically oriented research questions with techniques and methodologies developed in the computer science fields of visual analytics and information visualization, LingVis is motivated by the growing need within linguistic research for dealing with large amounts of complex, multidimensional data sets. An innovative exploration into the future of LingVis in the digital age, this foundational book both provides a representation of the current state of the field and communicates its new possibilities for addressing complex linguistic questions across the larger linguistic community.

The volume brings together a selection of invited articles and papers presented at the 4th International CILC Conference held in Jaen, Spain, in March 2012. The chapters describe English using a range of corpora and other resources. There are two parts, one dealing with diachronic research and the other with synchronic research. Both parts investigate several aspects of the English language from various perspectives and illustrate the use of corpora in current research. The structure of the volume allows for the same linguistic aspect to be discussed both from the diachronic and the synchronic point of view. The chapters are also useful examples of corpus use as well as of use of other resources as corpus, specifically dictionaries. They investigate a broad array of issues, mainly using corpora of English as a native language, with a focus on corpus tools and corpus description.

From tech giants to plucky startups, the world is full of companies boasting that they are on their way to replacing human interpreters, but are they right? Interpreters vs Machines offers a solid introduction to recent theory and research on human and machine interpreting, and then invites the reader to explore the future of interpreting. With a foreword by Dr Henry Liu, the 13th International Federation of Translators (FIT) President, and written by consultant interpreter and researcher Jonathan Downie, this book offers a unique combination of research and practical insight into the field of interpreting. Written in an innovative, accessible style with humorous touches and real-life case studies, this book is structured around the metaphor of playing and winning a computer game. It takes interpreters of all experience levels on a journey to better understand their own work, learn how computers attempt to interpret and explore possible futures for human interpreters. With five levels and split into 14 chapters, Interpreters vs Machines is key reading for all professional interpreters as well as students and researchers of Interpreting and Translation Studies, and those with an interest in machine interpreting.

The goal of this book is to integrate the research being carried out in the field of lexical semantics in linguistics with the work on knowledge representation and lexicon design in computational linguistics. Rarely do these two camps meet and discuss the demands and concerns of each other's fields. Therefore, this book is interesting in that it provides a stimulating and unique discussion between the computational perspective of lexical meaning and the concerns of the linguist for the semantic description of lexical items in the context of syntactic descriptions. This book grew out of the papers presented at a workshop held at Brandeis University in April, 1988, funded by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. The entire workshop as well as the discussion periods accom panying each talk were recorded. Once complete copies of each paper were available, they were distributed to participants, who were asked to provide written comments on the texts for review purposes. VII JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY 1. INTRODUCTION There is currently a growing interest in the content of lexical entries from a theoretical perspective as well as a growing need to understand the organization of the lexicon from a computational view. This volume attempts to define the directions that need to be taken in order to achieve the goal of a coherent theory of lexical organization."

This book explores the relationship between online second language (L2) communicative activities and formal language learning. It provides empirical evidence of the scale of L2 English use online, investigating the forms most commonly used, the activities likely to cause discomfort and the challenges experienced by users, and takes a critical approach to the nature of language online beyond the paradigms of 'written' versus 'spoken'. The author explores the possibilities for language teaching practices that engage with and integrate learners' L2 English online use, not only to support it but to use it as input for classroom learning and to enhance and exploit its incidental learning outcomes. This book will be of interest to postgraduate students and researchers interested in computer-mediated communication, online discourse and Activity Theory, while language teachers will find the practical ideas for lesson content invaluable as they strive to create a successful language learning community.

Deep learning is revolutionizing how machine translation systems are built today. This book introduces the challenge of machine translation and evaluation - including historical, linguistic, and applied context -- then develops the core deep learning methods used for natural language applications. Code examples in Python give readers a hands-on blueprint for understanding and implementing their own machine translation systems. The book also provides extensive coverage of machine learning tricks, issues involved in handling various forms of data, model enhancements, and current challenges and methods for analysis and visualization. Summaries of the current research in the field make this a state-of-the-art textbook for undergraduate and graduate classes, as well as an essential reference for researchers and developers interested in other applications of neural methods in the broader field of human language processing.

This book is at the very heart of linguistics. It provides the theoretical and methodological framework needed to create a successful linguistic project. Potential applications of descriptive linguistics include spell-checkers, intelligent search engines, information extractors and annotators, automatic summary producers, automatic translators, and more. These applications have considerable economic potential, and it is therefore important for linguists to make use of these technologies and to be able to contribute to them. The author provides linguists with tools to help them formalize natural languages and aid in the building of software able to automatically process texts written in natural language (Natural Language Processing, or NLP). Computers are a vital tool for this, as characterizing a phenomenon using mathematical rules leads to its formalization. NooJ a linguistic development environment software developed by the author is described and practically applied to examples of NLP.

Recent decades have seen a fundamental change and transformation in the commercialisation and popularisation of sports and sporting events. Corpus Approaches to the Language of Sports uses corpus resources to offer new perspectives on the language and discourse of this increasingly popular and culturally significant area of research. Bringing together a range of empirical studies from leading scholars, this book bridges the gap between quantitative corpus approaches and more qualitative, multimodal discourse methods. Covering a wide range of sports, including football, cycling and basketball, the linguistic aspects of sports language are analysed across different genres and contexts. Highlighting the importance of studying the language of sports alongside its accompanying audio-visual modes of communication, chapters draw on new digitised collections of language to fully describe and understand the complexities of communication through various channels. In doing so, Corpus Approaches to the Language of Sports not only offers exciting new insights into the language of sports but also extends the scope of corpus linguistics beyond traditional monomodal approaches to put multimodality firmly on the agenda.

This case study-based textbook in multivariate analysis for advanced students in the humanities emphasizes descriptive, exploratory analyses of various types of datasets from a wide range of sub-disciplines, promoting the use of multivariate analysis and illustrating its wide applicability. Fields featured include, but are not limited to, historical agriculture, arts (music and painting), theology, and stylometrics (authorship issues). Most analyses are based on existing data, earlier analysed in published peer-reviewed papers. Four preliminary methodological and statistical chapters provide general technical background to the case studies. The multivariate statistical methods presented and illustrated include data inspection, several varieties of principal component analysis, correspondence analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, regression analysis, discriminant analysis, and three-mode analysis. The bulk of the text is taken up by 14 case studies that lean heavily on graphical representations of statistical information such as biplots, using descriptive statistical techniques to support substantive conclusions. Each study features a description of the substantive background to the data, followed by discussion of appropriate multivariate techniques, and detailed results interpreted through graphical illustrations. Each study is concluded with a conceptual summary. Datasets in SPSS are included online.

Seit dem Entstehen der modernen Textlinguistik in den 1960er Jahren ist eine Vielzahl z.T. hoch spezialisierter Analyseansatze in diesem Bereich entwickelt worden, die auch in diversen Einfuhrungen schon aufbereitet worden sind. Anliegen dieses Arbeitsheftes ist es, Grundlagen linguistischer Textanalyse vorzustellen, wie sie insbesondere Studierende philologischer Facher bei der Analyse literarischer und anspruchsvoller Sachtexte benotigen. Textlinguistik wird dabei nicht als eine Sonderdisziplin der Sprachwissenschaft aufgefasst, die sich nur mit der "obersten" Beschreibungsebene befasst, sondern im Sinne der von Peter Hartmann konzipierten "verwendungsorientierten Sprachwissenschaft." Besonderer Wert wird darauf gelegt, die "neue" Textlinguistik auch in die Tradition fruherer Bemuhungen um den Gegenstand einzuordnen (Rhetorik, Hermeneutik, Literaturwissenschaft, vorstrukturalistische Grammatik). Das Schwergewicht der Darstellung liegt auf der mit vielen Beispielen angereicherten Erlauterung der vier zentralen Beschreibungsdimensionen: situativer Kontext, Funktion, Thema, sprachliche Gestalt. Hier werden nicht nur die den Textzusammenhalt gewahrleistenden Kohasionsmittel besprochen, sondern die Gesamtheit der sprachlichen Mittel, v.a. auf der Ebene von Lexik und Grammatik. Ziel ist es, die Verbindung zwischen Variationslinguistik und Textlinguistik zu verdeutlichen: Zu den Aufgaben der letzteren gehort es, die Soll- und Ist-Normen von Varietaten und Textsorten zu beschreiben."

From tech giants to plucky startups, the world is full of companies boasting that they are on their way to replacing human interpreters, but are they right? Interpreters vs Machines offers a solid introduction to recent theory and research on human and machine interpreting, and then invites the reader to explore the future of interpreting. With a foreword by Dr Henry Liu, the 13th International Federation of Translators (FIT) President, and written by consultant interpreter and researcher Jonathan Downie, this book offers a unique combination of research and practical insight into the field of interpreting. Written in an innovative, accessible style with humorous touches and real-life case studies, this book is structured around the metaphor of playing and winning a computer game. It takes interpreters of all experience levels on a journey to better understand their own work, learn how computers attempt to interpret and explore possible futures for human interpreters. With five levels and split into 14 chapters, Interpreters vs Machines is key reading for all professional interpreters as well as students and researchers of Interpreting and Translation Studies, and those with an interest in machine interpreting.

In the not so distant future, we can expect a world where humans and robots coexist and interact with each other. For this to occur, we need to understand human traits, such as seeing, hearing, thinking, speaking, etc., and institute these traits in robots. The most essential feature necessary for robots to achieve is that of integrative multimedia understanding (IMU) which occurs naturally in humans. It allows us to assimilate pieces of information expressed through different modes such as speech, pictures, gestures, etc. The book describes how robots acquire traits like natural language understanding (NLU) as the central part of IMU. Mental image directed semantic theory (MIDST) is its core, and is based on the hypothesis that NLU is essentially the processing of mental image associated with natural language expressions, namely, mental-image based understanding (MBU). MIDST is intended to model omnisensory mental image in human and to afford a knowledge representation system in order for integrative management of knowledge subjective to cognitive mechanisms of intelligent entities such as humans and robots based on a mental image model visualized as 'Loci in Attribute Spaces' and its description language Lmd (mental image description language) to be employed for predicate logic with a systematic scheme for symbol-grounding. This language works as an interlingua among various kinds of information media, and has been applied to several versions of the intelligent system interlingual understanding model aiming at general system (IMAGES). Its latest version, i.e. conversation management system (CMS) simulates MBU and comprehends the user's intention through dialogue to find and solve problems, and finally, provides a response in text or animation. The book is aimed at researchers and students interested in artificial intelligence, robotics, and cognitive science. Based on philosophical considerations, the methodology will also have an appeal in linguistics, psychology, ontology, geography, and cartography. Key Features: Describes the methodology to provide robots with human-like capability of natural language understanding (NLU) as the central part of IMU Uses methodology that also relates to linguistics, psychology, ontology, geography, and cartography Examines current trends in machine translation