First published in 1992, this book presents unique quantitative data on the content coverage of primary education in a large number of countries since 1920. It demonstrates that these curricular outlines tend to be surprisingly similar across very disparate countries, and suggests the world processes that produced this result. Specifically, the study shows that the contemporary primary curriculum dates from changes in the late nineteenth century; that there has been a general shift towards a 'social studies' subject; that instruction in mathematics and sciences has tended to expand; that there have been substantial increases in foreign language instruction (and changes in the languages taught); and that instruction in the arts and physical education come to the standard world education model much later than other subjects. This work will be of particular interest to those studying primary curriculum, international education and the sociology of education.

Originally published in 1993. Integrating cross-curricular themes into the curriculum has emerged as a major challenge for all schools. This book gives advice on how to deal with Citizenship in schools in terms of whole-school development planning, monitoring and evaluation. Placing it in the context of other cross-curricular themes and of core and foundation subjects in the National Curriculum, this book is for headteachers, other teachers involved in curriculum coordination, school inspectors, initial teacher trainers and lNSET providers.

Originally published in 1980. School-based curriculum development was the dominant form of curriculum development in Britain. Though there were national projects, it was thought that the initiative for change must come from within the schools. Curriculum development arose directly from the needs and enthusiasms of the schools, their pupils and their teachers. Some large schools had undertaken their own programmes while others joined forces, sharing common needs and enjoying common achievements or based effective in-school initiatives on national projects. Given how much things have changed since, this book is enlightening. Case studies: Codsall, Staffordshire; Manor Park, Newcastle; Abraham Moss Centre, Manchester; and Hele's School, Exeter. There are also studies of the Independent Learning in Science Project and in the Nuffield Integrated Science Project.

Originally published in 1990. Small primary schools were a source of considerable debate in the 1980s. This balanced and authoritative account is based on the findings of a survey of curriculum provision. It shows that small primary schools differ surprisingly little from their larger counterparts in the content of their curriculum and in the manner of its teaching. It suggests though that pupils in small schools do not necessarily get a better deal than pupils in larger schools. It looks at the future of those schools and discusses clustering and federation to pool resources. Written just as the National Curriculum was about to be introduced, this book is an interesting reflection for students of primary education, curriculum studies and educational administrators.

Originally published in 1994. This work is intended for teachers in primary and secondary schools faced with the challenge of maximizing National Curriculum opportunities for environmental or "green" issues. The contributors suggest ways of augmenting pupils' understanding of the issues. This book is for teachers in primary and secondary schools faced with the challenge of maximising curriculum opportunities for environmental issues. Specialist contributors suggest practical ways of augmenting their pupils' understanding of these issues, via work in the other cross-curricular areas, in core and foundation subjects of the National Curriculum and in other areas of study.

Originally published in 1988. The history of curriculum has now become an extremely important area of curriculum research. The rehabilitation of historical studies has challenged mainstream psychological and philosophical theories of curriculum and it argues for a reformulation of the current dominance of scientific management models of curriculum changes. This book presents comparative data from a range of countries which help define the methodologies employed in curriculum history. It also explores some of the major curriculum issues uncovered in historical studies.

Originally published in 1986. Pupils, teachers and educationalists have contended with continuity difficulties for many years but the problem remains a major one not only in Britain but also throughout the world, including North America. This book examines the problem, assesses the steps being taken to minimise the problem and makes suggestions for improving practice. Continuity is considered both historically and in its 1980s context. The major emphasis is on strategies used at national, regional and school level to minimise difficulties children face when they change school - strategies such as teacher visits and exchanges, liaison committees and the use of transfer documents.

Originally published in 1987. This book examines the growth of pastoral care and the pastoral curriculum, and innovations in vocational education in schools. These two major developments are considered in relation to the guidance and counselling movement whose impact on education over the preceding twenty-five years was considerable. The concept of person-centred learning grew out of this movement and with it many of the liberalising changes in education. This is a fascinating look at this area from a time when the whole nature and direction of schooling in the UK was about to change.

Originally published in 1989. What should be taught in schools? This book explores the differing curriculum traditions in Britain, Europe, the USA, Latin America, India and the Far East and the possibilities for change. For the practising teacher and the educationalist it opens up the debates about 'quality' in education which have been intense in many countries throughout the 1980s and focuses on how different countries are trying to change the curriculum to achieve higher standards and greater relevance. Considering the age-old questions "Who shall be educated?" and "What knowledge is of most worth?", four major curriculum traditions are examined in an historical context. The authors show how some European and American practices were freely incorporated into emerging systems in other parts of the world while elsewhere curricula were transferred by imperialists to their colonies and then modified. In the first part of the book the difficulties of curriculum change are explored within the contexts of countries where the curricula are rooted in indigenous models. The second part examines countries where curricula have been transferred from other parts of the world and how this affects curriculum change. In each case the politics of educational change since 1945, when compulsory education was introduced in many countries, has been analysed. The book will help students of education to understand the issues of curriculum reform and the transfer of curriculum models and places the problems in an international perspective with case studies.

Originally published in 1983. Written by an experienced headteacher and curriculum consultant, this book was written to help schools with the task of planning their whole curriculum - teachers, governors, administrators and students. It provides information on national educational policies of the time, approaches to curriculum planning, and the structures of actual schools. The Department of Education and Science had just issued Circular 6 of 1981, which called upon education authorities, governing bodies, heads and the staffs of schools 'to secure a planned and coherent curriculum within the schools'. The book describes the background to this development; spells out the tasks involved; provides a series of exercises for planning and discussion; and offers ideas, questions and methods. It recognises the diversity of school circumstances, and talks about the vital transition from theory to practice.

Originally published in 1978. This book presents how the potential of the comprehensive school could be realized by bringing unity and coherence to its curriculum and organization. Among the subjects considered are value judgments and curriculum design; faculties and the organization of learning; subjects and options; the sixth form; and the timetable as an enabling device. This book goes beyond the prevalent considerations of the time to examine the relationship between educational theory and practice, and the underlying issues of how a rationale of curriculum may be determined and the involvement of teachers in school-focused curriculum development. An appendix considers the curriculum and timetable structure of Sheredes School in Hertfordshire, a new comprehensive school set up in 1969.

Originally published in 1991. Consisting of 18 teachers' reports on attempts to change traditional learning environments, the contributors argue for a commitment to whole curriculum planning, which embraces a variety of learning environments both inside and outside the school walls. There is a particular concern in several of the reports for lower attaining pupils and those pupils who seem to gain very little from `normal lessons'.

Originally published in 1989. This book defines and explains in simple language the essential characteristics of the school curriculum and the forces which act on it. The National Curriculum provides an integrating theme throughout the book, and the author gives a list of suggested further reading. This is not just a standard first year text for students starting B.Ed and PGCE courses but also an introduction for school governors who under the 1986 and 1988 Education Acts have an increased responsibility for the curriculum in their schools.

Originally published in 1983 and as a second edition in 1988. An attempt is made in this book to disentangle some of the professional, ethical, political, theoretical and practical issues involved in curriculum evaluation. This book present evidence concerning a number of evaluation strategies and techniques, drawing on experience in several countries, including the UK, Australia and the US, to debate the potential of insider and outsider approaches to evaluation, and combinations of the two. It also offers a practical source book for those wishing to plan and conduct curriculum evaluations. Finally, it considers the crucial question of how evaluation can influence curriculum action and, thereby, teaching and learning.

Originally published in 1972. This is a practical and comprehensive guide to planning and developing a curriculum which will give both professional and prospective teachers a clearer insight into this vital part of the teacher's role. The study of objectives, selection and organisation of content and methods, evaluation, the total situation, various settings for curriculum development and the advantages of co-operative curriculum planning are among the aspects considered but they are always linked to the school and classroom situation with frequent examples of curriculum development based on the principles outlined. The authors' wide experience of helping teachers plan their own curriculum and their first-hand experience of curriculum development projects makes them well placed to understand the problems confronting the teacher.

Originally published in 1986. This book's focus is on English secondary schooling in the late 19th and 20th Centuries, during which the definition of a general 'secondary' education was itself negotiated and consolidated before the development of secondary modern and then comprehensive schools. In each chapter, a specialist contributor considers the changing ideology, shape and status of one of the seven traditional academic subjects, namely Classics, Modern Languages, English, History, Geography, Mathematics and Science. These seven school subjects have dominated the academic school curriculum since the nineteenth century and continue to exert a powerful influence upon the contemporary school curriculum today despite the emergence of various rivals and the growing status of 'practical' subjects.

Originally published in 1978 and as a second edition in 1984. The greatly enlarged second edition of the bibliography contains sections on curriculum history, curriculum management, 'official' publications, and journals. It also added expanded sections on the sociology of the curriculum and on curriculum evaluation, assessment, and accountability, reflecting the continuing development of curriculum studies in the United Kingdom, the interest shown in the curriculum by scholars in other areas of educational enquiry, and the rapid changes in the socio-cultural context in which the curriculum is discussed, designed and transacted.

Originally published in 1971. All education systems tend to be traditional and conservative. In times of rapid social change, the work of the schools becomes increasingly outdated by events. Continuous adaptation of the curriculum (which includes content, method and organization) can no longer be left to haphazard, piecemeal innovations-it must be managed. In a comparative study of the strategies adopted to date in the U.S.A., England, Scotland and France, this book points out that-although considerable reforms have been effected in these countries during the past ten to fifteen years-no adequate curriculum theory has yet been developed. The author also turns his attention to the phenomenon which he considered symptomatic of inherent failures in the education system: the drop-outs and hippies He concludes that notions about 'learning' must be revised and rather than a place in which formal instruction is given, the school of the future should be conceived as a resources-for-learning centre.

Originally published in 1974. This book presents research into the planning and implementation of the Keele Integrated Studies Project. From 1969 to 1972 the work of the project team was investigated through observation, questionnaire and interview to obtain a picture of the way decisions about curriculum innovation are made and of how these decisions are executed in schools. The book is mainly the outsider's view, but the Project Director and the Assistant Director have contributed chapters and comments by members of the project team are also included. Three aspects of the curriculum project are covered: the interaction between project team, trial schools, university, local authority and Schools Council; the relations within the project team, within the trial schools, and between the curriculum innovators and the classroom teachers; and the impact of the project after the finish of the trial in the schools. The final chapters include conclusions on the process of curriculum change and on the education system in which it occurs. The problems of reconciling the different perspectives and interests of all the parties involved are examined in detail, showing that negotiation, adaptation and compromise are at the heart of curriculum change.

Originally published in 1985. This is an overview of the evolution of curriculum evaluation since the reforms of the 1960s, presented through the personal and practical knowledge of experienced individuals, rather than abstract theoretical models which hitherto dominated the field. A collection of personal retrospective accounts, by leading evaluators, of their roles in the actual process of curriculum development, the chapters represent diverse educational systems in a range of countries including Australia, Israel, England and the USA. A variety of innovative curricula are portrayed and the models which emerge are empirically based. Their diversity provides evidence for the need to accommodate and adjust theoretical and methodological principles to real situations. This is a great reference for those with an interest in comparative curriculum development.

Originally published in 1979. This book is a study of the problems of functional and ideological adaptation of the curriculum in response to social change, based on a close investigation of a particular significant curriculum innovation, set up in 1962: the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project. The book focuses particularly on the development of the O-level chemistry curriculum, which was one of the three founding projects. If sensible decisions are to be made about curriculum development, now and in the future, it is vitally important that we take account of the history of influential curriculum projects. This book deals thoroughly with the various political, social and educational factors influencing the setting up of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project, the details of its execution (methods, the influence of pressure groups, and of particular individuals) and its outcomes. The content of the secondary curriculum is a perennial topic of interest and this book is a stimulating aid to clear thinking not only as history.

Originally published in 1984. Many schools are faced with the problem of what to teach the large numbers of below average pupils who are never likely to pass any GCE or CSE examination. These pupils are often troublesome, bored and eager to get out of school into the real world of work. At this time, many schools were planning a new curriculum for these pupils - taking account of limited abilities and concentrating on teaching skills and knowledge which will be useful when they have left school. This book, based on extensive original research, considers this problem and puts forward suggestions for how the curriculum might be reformed to cater for these pupils. It discusses both what the content of the reformed curriculum might be and how the process might be implemented to involve those teachers who teach the pupils concerned.

Curriculum Planning with Design Language provides a streamlined, adaptable framework for using visual design terminology to conceptualize instructional design objectives, processes, and strategies. Drawing from instructional design theory, pattern language theory, and aesthetics, these ten course and unit design principles help educators break down and clarify their broader planning tasks and concerns. Written in clear, direct prose and rich with intuitive examples, this book showcases insights leading to effective curriculum design that will speak equally to pre-service and experienced educators.

First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Originally published in 1979. Celebrating the tenth anniversary of the Journal of Curriculum Studies. This edited collection of ten significant papers, five of them specially commissioned to critically survey a decade of intellectual effort in selected areas of curriculum studies, not only identifies the emerging frontiers in an important field within the study of education but also provides an excellent set of teaching and learning resources in an area where the usual text book can be counter-productive.