"...excellent, well-organized, and timely." -Lester Packer and Enrique Cardenas, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, from the Series Preface The liver is a vital organ that is responsible for a wide range of functions, most of which are essential for survival. The multitude of functions the liver performs makes it vulnerable to a wide range of diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in many liver diseases including drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mitochondria in Liver Disease gathers the most current research regarding the role of mitochondria in the liver and various diseases to which it is susceptible. The book is separated into two sections, the first of which highlights the latest developments in mitochondrial research. It includes cutting-edge topics such as the regulation of mitochondrial respiration using hydrogen sulfide and the regulation of mitochondrial fusion-fission via the endoplasmic reticulum. The second section reviews the most current research on the role of mitochondria in a wide range of liver diseases. It also addresses novel topics such as the importance of liver mitochondrial constituents as biomarkers of liver injury in plasma and as regulators of the immune system. Mitochondria in Liver Disease represents the current state of knowledge and research on mitochondrial roles in liver diseases. Written by a group of global experts, it provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the latest advances and methods that mark key starting points for future research.

Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of seed infection and disease. It includes an up-to-date account on the development and structure of seed, pointing out the structural variations in seeds of the plant families to which most crop plants belong. The text presents techniques and advice for histopathological studies, as well as a discussion on physiogenic seed disorders and the penetration of ovule/seed by fungi. Featuring an extensive bibliography, this book serves as a springboard for further research in seed biology and provides a literature review in a field where it is difficult to access older sources. It will be a valuable resource for seed and plant scientists, plant pathologists, crop scientists, ecologists, and seed chemists, as well as researchers and students involved in seed and plant pathology, seed technology, and agriculture. Features Includes separate chapters on seed-borne microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes) and their diseases Covers the penetration of ovule/seed by fungi Discusses physiogenic seed disorders Provides common techniques and tips for histopathological studies

This second edition offers 88 chapters divided among three volumes providing the most comprehensive source of know-how in the wide-ranging field of Mitochondrial Medicine. Volume I guides readers through chapters on QSAR models, DQAsomes, synthesis of Triphenylphosphonium Phospholipid Conjugates, testing of novel isomeric mitochondriotropic derivatives, mTRIP, mitochondria-targeted imaging nanoplatforms, live-cell assessment, mitochondrial coenzyme Q10, rat liver Mitochondrial Lipidome, and Mito-SinCe2. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, application details for both the expert and non-expert reader, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Mitochondrial Medicine, Second Edition, Volume 1: Targeting Mitochondria aims to be a comprehensive source of know-how in the wide-ranging field of Mitochondrial Medicine.

When cells are damaged, as often occurs during trauma and metabolic stress, a highly evolved cell healing process follows that was designed to enhance cell survival or remove irreparably injured cells. Following injury, cells attempt to seal breaks in their membranes, chaperone removal or refolding of altered proteins, repair damaged DNA, or if necessary commit to programmed cell death.

When cell injury is too extensive to permit reparative responses, acute cellular necrosis or apoptosis can result. Understanding injury at the subcellular organelle and molecular levels is essential for development of new therapeutic strategies and for optimal management of injured victims.

In this volume, various modes of injury that can occur are described, as well as the basic molecular healing responses and pathways of metabolic survival or death. The approach taken here is to look at these processes at the cellular and subcellular levels, rather than at the tissue level, and this volume will be a valuable resource to anyone interested in wound healing, biological stress responses, molecular chaperones, radiobiology, biomechanics, and biomedical engineering, as well as trauma and critical care medicine.

"NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit" "www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas."

"ACADEMY MEMBERS Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (""www.nyas.org"). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http: //www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

"...excellent, well-organized, and timely." -Lester Packer and Enrique Cardenas, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, from the Series Preface The liver is a vital organ that is responsible for a wide range of functions, most of which are essential for survival. The multitude of functions the liver performs makes it vulnerable to a wide range of diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in many liver diseases including drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mitochondria in Liver Disease gathers the most current research regarding the role of mitochondria in the liver and various diseases to which it is susceptible. The book is separated into two sections, the first of which highlights the latest developments in mitochondrial research. It includes cutting-edge topics such as the regulation of mitochondrial respiration using hydrogen sulfide and the regulation of mitochondrial fusion-fission via the endoplasmic reticulum. The second section reviews the most current research on the role of mitochondria in a wide range of liver diseases. It also addresses novel topics such as the importance of liver mitochondrial constituents as biomarkers of liver injury in plasma and as regulators of the immune system. Mitochondria in Liver Disease represents the current state of knowledge and research on mitochondrial roles in liver diseases. Written by a group of global experts, it provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the latest advances and methods that mark key starting points for future research.

Advances in molecular and genetics based diagnostics are driving an increased interest in cytopathology as cytological specimens are the ideal substrate for this new technology. This book fulfills the need for an easy-to-use and authoritative synopsis of breast cytopathology. The volume fits into the lab coat pocket and is ideal for portability and quick reference. Each volume in the series is heavily illustrated with a full color art program, while the text follows a user-friendly outline format.

The maturation phenomenon, first described by Ito et al. in 1975, refers to postischemic changes that develop hours or days after an ischemic insult. The delayed neuronal death of CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus is a classic example. The report of the phenomenon boosted research in the field, as it became evident that ischemic damage is not a sudden event, but a process potentially susceptible to therapeutic intervention. Since then a growing number of studies have improved our knowledge on mechanisms of cell death and recovery. This volume contains the presentations of the 4th international symposium, held in New Orleans in October/November 1999, grouped in sections covering apoptosis and/or necrosis, neuronal recovery vs. death, and protection against infarction. It outlines the present status of investigations and provides further stimulation for research in this field.

The Maturation Phenomenon, described by Ito et al. in 1975 [3) on the basis of his to logical observations in the hippocampus as well as other portions of the cerebral hemisphere, refers to the hours or days of delay in the development of pathological changes in various parameters of ischemic injury following the restoration of blood flow to the ischemic brain. There is a direct relationship between the intensity of ischemic insult and the speed and rate of maturation of ischemic injury, a lesser intensity being associated with slower and less severe development of the lesions. The delayed neuronal death of CAl pyramidal cells of the hippocampus [8) is a classic example. In the cerebral cortex, with increasing intensity of the ischemic insult, the maturation phenomenon of ischemic injuries intensifies, seamlessly, from less exten sive to more extensive disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN), and then further to cerebral infarction upon reaching a critical threshold [1,2,4,6,7). We also have found that following ischemic insults just under the threshold level required to induce infarction, only disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN) progresses, while following ischemic insults at the threshold level, initially only DSNN develops, followed by the evolution of a gradually enlarging infarcted focus [5, 7). The reporting of this phenomenon boosted research in the field, as it became evi dent that ischemic damage is not a sudden event, but a process potentially susceptible to therapeutic intervention.

This volume focuses on the investigatory methods applied to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common human genetic diseases. ADPKD is caused by mutations in PKD1 and TRPP2, two integral membrane proteins that function as receptor/ion channels in primary cilia of tubular epithelial cells. Thus, ADPKD belongs to ciliopathies, a group of disorders caused by abnormal cilia formation or function. This proposed book will cover the state-of-the-art methods ranging from molecular biology, biochemistry, electrophysiology, to tools in model animal studies. Key Features Explores the role of cilia in polycystic kidney disease Focuses on myriad state-of-the-art methods and techniques Reviews specific mutations integral to this autosomal genetic disease Includes discussions of model systems

In 1989, the First International Symposium on Cytokines in Hemopoiesis, Oncology, and AIDS was held in Hanover, FRG. Since then there has been an explosion of knowledge in this field. New cytokines have been discovered, on which data are presented in this book, and receptors have already been cloned for many cytokines. In clinical application, some cytokines such as TNF have almost completely left the stage, but this may not be for ever. Enormous progress has been made in the field of hemopoietic growth factors, for which clinical studies from phase I to phase III have been conducted, and some of which have even been registered for routine use. In spite of this rapid development our knowledge of how to clinically exploit the effects of cytokines is very limited and lies far behind the advances made in basic research. Even for the hemopoietic growth factors, questions regarding the effect of adjuvant therapy on survival and or on general outcome in chemother apy have still not been answered. Discussion and exchange between those involved in basic science and clinical research is still urgently needed. We hope to successfully contribute to this process by continuing the series proceedings of the International Symposia on Cytokines in Hemopoiesis, Oncology, and AIDS. Hannover, in July 1992 Mathias Freund Hartmut Link Reinhold E. Schmidt Karl Welte List of Contributors Abbadessa, V. Istituto die Clinica Medica III, Centro Interdipartimenta de Ii Ricerche in Oncologia Clinica, 90100 Palermo, Italy Abecassis, M."

The clinical and experimental effects of cytokines have been realized for a long time. The clinical effects of tumor necrosis factor were noted almost 100 years ago. The basic biological effects of interferons and the hemopoietic growth factors have been known for more than 20 years. Given the basis of modern molecular biotechniques, information concern ing the mediators of cellular interactions is expanding almost exponentially. New principles in the regulation of cell growth, microenvironment, immune response, and malignancy are being discoverd right now. New therapeutic options are becoming available and have, in some areas, already crossed the threshold of clinical application. However, the way forward might be more complicated than we are in a position to recognize today. Some of the first optimistic expectations have not yet been fulfilled. Nevertheless, we are experiencing a revolution in medicine. To contribute to this process and to stimulate scientific communi in this field, we have initiated the international symposia on cytokines cation in hemopoiesis, oncology and aids. Major contributions from the first sym posium are published in this book. We thank all the authors for their contri butions, particularly those from the Hannover Medical School, who have worked hard to realize the congress and prepare these proceedings. We also thank the pharmaceutical companies whose support made this book possible. Finally we thank Professors Deicher, Poliwoda, and Riehm, heads of the Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Immunology, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, respectively, who encouraged us and gave us their firm support."

Cytologic diagnosis by examination of exfoliated cells in serous cavity fluids is one of the most challenging areas in clinical cytopathology. Almost 20% of the effusions examined are directly or indirectly related to the presence of malignant disease, with carcinoma of the lung as the most common underlying culprit. This volume published in the Essentials in Cytopathology book series will fulfill the need for an easy-to-use and authoritative synopsis of site specific topics in cytopathology. These guide books fit into the lab coat pocket, ideal for portability and quick reference. Each volume is heavily illustrated with a full color art program, while the text follows a user-friendly outline format.

This is a comprehensive text and atlas of lymph node pathology, providing extensive illustrative examples of characteristic diagnostic findings in the lymph node, including both benign and malignant conditions. All major disorders are discussed, including up to date information on HIV infection and AIDS. Although an emphasis has been placed on interpretation of the routinely stained hematoxylin and eosin stained section, consideration has been given to the important immunologic and molecular biologic advances which have revolutionized hematopathology. The author has integrated classic approaches to biopsy interpretation, including histopathology and clinical features, with newer immunophenotypic and molecular biologic techniques. The Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification for lymphoid neoplasms, which is coming into increasingly wide clinical use, is utilized in the discussion of the malignant lymphomas. Because many pathologists and clinicians continue to use the Working Formulation in day to day practice, the equivalent terms in that classification are also provided.

Working practices for Head and Neck (HN) diagnostic and clinical teams have changed dramatically over the past 15 years with highlighted importance on specialist Multidisciplinary Teams (MDT) including radiologists and cytopathologists. To achieve high levels of diagnostic accuracy in this modern working environment, special training and commitment to cytopathology are required in addition to histopathology. Cytopathology of the Head and Neck: Ultrasound guided FNAC supports the learning of new skills expected of practicing pathologists by providing a comprehensive approach to cytopathology, including performing FNAC and on site interpretation. New to this edition is coverage of ultrasound (US) guidance the use of which has emerged as an essential adjunct to either Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) or needle core biopsy, and is expected to increase. US combined with US guided FNAC is now recommended as the investigation method of first choice for HN lesions for evaluating regional metastases in HN patients, for both those with and those without palpable lumps. This second edition also includes: * Companion website containing ultrasound case histories which detail imaging findings, list differential diagnosis and suggest further investigations compiled by Dr Simon Morley * Expanded coverage of clinical images of head and neck masses * Clear presentation of FNAC diagnostic features with images * Clinical management algorithms * Examples of diagnostic of pitfalls and complications in FNAC This timely book fills the training gap required for pathologists and offers a team approach to head and neck lesions, with valuable input from radiologists, ENT (ear, nose, and throat) surgeons, oncologists, and medico-legal experts. This new edition reflects the emergent multidisciplinary approach to head and neck practice.

"Gynecological and Breast Cytopathology Board Review and Self-Assessment" is a comprehensive systems-based review of gynecological and breast cytology including cytomorphology, pitfalls and ancillary studies. Presented in a high-yield format with board-type multiple choice questions and detailed answers, this review includes chapters covering Pap smear cytology, colposcopy, breast FNA, and Pelvic washings. The book is also enriched with features to maximize studying and reviewing of cytopathology, including high-yield review with tables emphasizing key points, board exam-type questions, and high quality full-color images.
Written by cytologists and cytopathologists with experience in the practice of modern cytology, as well as intensive teaching experience at national and international levels. "Gynecological and Breast Cytopathology Board Review and Self-Assessment" provides an excellent review, resource, and self-assessment for pathologists, cytopathologists, cytotechnologists, and trainees preparing for board examinations.

"

An essential manual for the future of genetic counseling Genetic counselors possess the important set of skills necessary to face the unique challenges encountered within the laboratory. As the primary liaisons between genetic technologies and patient-facing clinicians, lab counselors must have equal competency in genetic testing protocols, interpretation, and communication of clinical recommendations. Practical Genetic Counseling for the Laboratory is the first book to codify the theory and practice of laboratory genetic counseling in an accessible and comprehensive format. With contributions from laboratorians, geneticists, and genetic counselors from more than 30 institutions, it offers a manual of standards and practices that will benefit students and counselors at any career stage. Topical coverage includes: * Interpretation of genetic tests, including those specific to biochemical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and prenatal screening * Practical guidelines for test utilization, test development, and laboratory case management * Elements for education and training in the laboratory * Counseling skills, including the consideration of ethical dilemmas, nonclinical considerations, including sales and publishing For students in this important sector of the industry or for counselors already working in it, Practical Genetic Counseling for the Laboratory offers readers a standardized approach to a dynamic subject matter that will help shape the field's future.

Mitochondrial cytopathies are mutations in the inherited maternal mitochondrial genome, or the nuclear DNA-mutation. Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders (RCD) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases, due to the fact that protein components of the respiratory chain are encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and are essential in all cells. In addition, the biogenesis, structure and function of mitochondria, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation, all require nuclear encoded genes. Since mitochondria are present in every cell, every tissue, mitochondrial disorder usually affects multiple organs.

Practical Informatics for Cytopathology provides a concise and practical overview of pathology informatics. The book offers a succinct overview of basic computing and laboratory information systems applied specifically to the field of cytopathology. Readers are exposed to emerging areas in pathology informatics, such as specimen tracking and digital imaging. Valuable features of this volume include summary tables, diagrams, vital resources and a glossary of informatics terms to help readers. Written by authorizes in the field, Practical Informatics for Cytopathology is a vital resource that provides users with a solid, comprehensive foundation and practical working knowledge of the rapidly emerging field of pathology informatics.

Each volume in this richly illustrated series, sponsored by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, provides an organ-based approach to the cytological and histological diagnosis of small tissue samples. Benign, pre-malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well-organized and standardized format, with high-resolution color photomicrographs, tables, tabulated specific morphologic criteria and appropriate ancillary testing algorithms. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This volume describes the cytologic, small core biopsy, immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic features of musculoskeletal lesions. It provides the cytopathologist and histopathologist with a comprehensive survey of diagnostic approaches and diagnostic features for benign and malignant lesions. Each chapter contains a detailed summary of differential diagnostic features, supported by high-quality images and case studies. The print edition includes a CD-ROM offering all images in a downloadable format. With over 500 photomicrographs, this is an important resource for practising pathologists and residents in pathology.

This classic text sets a standard in this subject by outlining the scientific aspects that underlie pathological processes, relating these to specific organ systems and placing all in a context that the student of medicine or pathology can appreciate, understand and enjoy. The clearly defined and easy-to-follow structure, enhanced by numerous photographs and explanatory line diagrams, focuses on core material without neglecting novel concepts and up-to-the minute detail. A one-stop-shop in pathology, it reflects fully the integration of pathology into clinical teaching whether system or problem-based, and will take the student right through medical school and beyond to postgraduate training.

The Essentials in Cytopathology book series fulfills the need for an easy-to-use and authoritative synopsis of site specific topics in cytopathology. These guide books fit into the lab coat pocket and are ideal for portability and quick reference. Each volume is heavily illustrated with a full color art program, while the text follows a user-friendly outline format. Cytopathology of Infectious Diseases is the first book of its kind to focus entirely on the cytopathology of infectious diseases. It contains all of the pertinent information about the cytology of infectious diseases and microorganisms and will serve as an ideal handy reference. This unique volume covers the cytomorphology of various microorganisms and the host reactions they elicit, and also incorporates an update on advances in the field. Newly recognized infections such as the recent discovery of the Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV) are included, as well as the utility of new immunostains (e.g. CM2B4 for MCV) and the role of molecular techniques that assist in the identification, classification and even quantification of microorganisms. Each chapter is succinctly written and concisely referenced with key published articles and resources. The volume includes practical pointers, useful diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses and potential pitfalls. Many color images of high resolution that illustrate microorganisms (e.g. branching hyphae) and host reactions (e.g. viral cytopathic effect) are included throughout. Relevant tables with diagrams that provide quick reference guides are incorporated.

This text and the terminology developed by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (P.S.C.) represents an important advance in the field of pancreaticobiliary cytopathology. This textbook/atlas is designed to present a comprehensive and state of the art approach to the cytologic diagnosis and reporting of pancreaticobiliary lesions. Chapters address each of the diagnostic categories defined by the P.S.C. The definition of each category along with the clinical pathologic entities contained within the category are discussed along with specific cytologic criteria for inclusion of a cytologic specimen within the category. Each chapter is lavishly illustrated demonstrating diagnostic criteria and examples of lesions contained within the category. Additionally, appropriate ancillary testing is discussed and where appropriate illustrated. Each chapter concludes with a discussion of appropriate management as well as estimates of malignancy risk for the category. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology: Definitions, Criteria, Ancillary Testing and Management will provide the reader with a unified approach to diagnosing and reporting interpretations of cytologic specimens obtained from the pancreaticobiliary tract. This text/atlas will serve as a reference guide for pathologists, surgeons, endoscopists and radiologists.

Biomedical scientists are the foundation of modern healthcare, from cancer screening to diagnosing HIV, from blood transfusion for surgery to food poisoning and infection control. Without biomedical scientists the diagnosis of disease, the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment, and research into the causes and cures of disease would not be possible. The Fundamentals of Biomedical Science series has been written to reflect the challenges of practicing biomedical science today. It draws together essential basic science with insights into laboratory practice to show how an understanding of the biology of disease is coupled to the analytical approaches that lead to diagnosis. Assuming only a minimum of prior knowledge, the series reviews the full range of disciplines to which a Biomedical Scientist may be exposed-from microbiology to cytopathology to transfusion science. Cytopathology provides a wide-ranging overview of the microscopic study of normal and abnormal cells, showing how current visualization methods are used to study cell structure, and how early detection of abnormal cell pathology can lead to timely clinical interventions.

In the light of increased awareness of the legal as well as clinical implications of misdiagnosis of pathological specimens, this book provides the trainee and practising histo- and cytopathologist with a comprehensive review of the potential pitfalls encountered in a number of key diagnostic areas (cervical screening, breast cancer screening, pigmented lesions of the skin, lymphoproliferative disease, disease of the gastrointestinal tract and disease of the genito-urinary system). Each chapter has been written by a recognised expert in the organ or organ system concerned and, with the aid of full colour histo- and cytopathological specimens throughout, outlines the most important diagnostic and differential diagnostic features and indicates not only where confident diagnosis can sometimes prove problematic, but also how best to avoid these potential pitfalls in the first instance.

Each volume in this richly illustrated series, published in association with the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, provides an organ-based approach to the cytologic and histologic diagnosis of small tissue samples. Benign, pre-malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well-organized and standardized format, with high-resolution color photomicrographs, tables, and lists of key specific morphologic criteria. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of both surgical pathology and cytopathology of focal liver lesions. Extensively illustrated throughout, it contains key cytologic and histologic features, practical points, radiologic and morphologic pictures, flow charts, and tabulated summaries for easy comprehensive overview and quick reference and provides a pragmatic algorithmic approach to cytohistologic diagnosis. With over 700 printed photomicrographs and a CD-ROM offering all images in a downloadable format, this is an important resource for all anatomic pathologists.