Economic reforms in China began in 1979 and initiated some of the most fundamental changes ever to occur in any country. While allowing some of the most astonishing economic growth the world has seen, they have also induced some of the most profound social and environmental shifts. This volume looks at two aspects of the impacts of the reforms, firstly on the demography of the country (especially migration and urbanization), and secondly on the environment. A third section examines various problems of environmental degradation in relation to natural processes and human efforts to mitigate their effects.

First published in 1975, this book traces the origins of our modern economy, showing the routes by which nations have either achieved wealth or have been impoverished. W. W. Rostow brings together issues of public policy, international trade and the world of science and technology, arguing that conventional economic thought has failed to relate scientific innovation to the economic process. Chapters consider the politics of modernization, the Commercial Revolution and the development of the world economy between 1783 and 1820.

Development finance is one of the foremost challenges facing African Countries and the international community in the new century. African countries in particular have experience modest economic recovery during the 19990s. Vijay S. Makhan explores these improvements, while describing the "vicious circle" in which the economic structure cannot generate enough savings and export earnings needed to finance the development and mount a sustained assault on poverty.

The term 'structural adjustment' has been associated with rioting as angry and hungry masses protest food price increases due to subsidy cuts or due to other structural adjustment conditions prescribed by the IMF and the World Bank. Structural adjustment, and the neo-liberal paradigm that underlies it, is now the dominant economics paradigm practised by developing countries. The main purpose of the book is to rely on evidence and to go beyond rhetoric, ideology and anecdotes in assessing structural adjustment in Pakistan and the developing world more generally to examine how reform can be combined with pragmatism and social justice.

In a bold attempt to develop an innovative theory of political change arising from dual economic and political transformations, Iheduru maintains that economic structural adjustment policies have unintended political consequences, leading to democratic liberalization in post-colonial African states. Using classical, dependency, and neoliberal approaches as a backdrop, he demonstrates that structural adjustment policies shaped by conditionality measures foster the operation of free-enterprise market forces. As a social consequence of the reform effort, winners and losers organize to protect their interests, first in the economy and later in the political arena. Thus the structural reorientation of African economies leads not only to the ascendancy of the market and economic growth but also to the political opening of the African state, thereby facilitating the participation of excluded groups.

In conclusion, Iheduru predicts that structural adjustment is the best policy alternative for initiating and sustaining meaningful economic changes in Africa. Moreover, he claims, it may be a deciding factor in the possible democratizing of the African continent, which would provide an auspicious atmosphere for a properly functioning market economy.

This book examines how international aid donors and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) can assist countries in the Asia-Pacific region achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The book examines the progress countries have made towards the MDGs and highlights the need to tailor the goals to individual country circumstances.

The process of globalization has had a dramatic impact on the lives of women in developing countries. In the past decade, they have been increasingly drawn into insecure flexible employment working for the world market. This book explores the experiences of women in diverse local contexts within different cultures and faiths, drawing on case studies from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It draws out the contradictory and fragmented impact of globalization at the local level on the lives of women in the developing world.

The study of diverse yet comparable regions uncovers structural similarities that override the "defective culture" theory of developing regions as well as the belief that they are unique ecological phenomena. This collected work establishes Appalachia as a case study for a coherent cross-national perspective. Written by authorities on the social and economic problems of these regions, this work should assist in alleviating some of the most striking misconceptions about regional development.

Regional development problems in China have been focused on by many analysts and policy makers. From the viewpoint of regional development policy, it is highly important to consider the spatial interactions among different regions. Most of the approaches have focused on certain specific regions, without taking into account interregional interdependency. The aim of this book is to analyze regional development in China from the viewpoint of spatial interaction by using inter-regional input-output model for China.

This volume analyzes various important aspects of methodology and substance regarding economic, social and political policy in Africa directed toward achieving more effective, efficient and equitable societal institutions. The chapters are authored by experts from within Africa and also from Africa research institutes elsewhere. It combines practical policy significance with insightful casual and prescriptive generalizations. The emphasis is on the role of governmental decision-making and the important (but secondary) role of the marketplace, social groups and engineering.

This 29th volume in the "Research in Economic Anthropology" series explores economic development, integration, and morality in economic transactions in Asia and the Americas through 14 original chapters based on ethnographic evidence collected by the authors. Under development, chapters look at, amongst others, underground gambling behavior in China in light of that country's current economic boom, recent retail store expansion and local socioeconomic effects in rural Mexico, and also women's economic activities as part of the household economy in Oaxaca, Mexico. As for economic integration, authors investigate monetization in the historical and archaeological records of the Angkorian Empire, transnational economic links between coffee producers in Costa Rica and Panama and concurrent socio-economic effects at the production sites. Finally, under the moral, chapters examine the culture of restaurant tipping in North America, the pre-school education market in northern Japan against a backdrop of scarcity of children, narrative and social pressure in a North American market environment, and the role of social capital in gender-specific credit association membership in Puebla, Mexico.

"The New Economy in Development" presents conceptual and empirical analyses of the opportunities offered by information and communications technologies (ICT). By focusing on the interrelationships between ICT, services, globalization, international agreements and broader development goals, the volume offers a range of policy options for harnessing ICT for development. Contributors include scholars and policy makers from international organizations, and the chapters include understudied cases from Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Asia.

This work discusses the unequal impact of development policies in East Asia and Latin America. Written by economists and political scientists from Brazil, Chile, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, and the US, chapters in the book share a political economy perspective and are the result of collaborative work co-ordinated by researchers at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. In addition to chapters on particular countries and on broad subjects, there are three chapters presenting detailed comparisons of pairs of countries - Brazil and Korea, Indonesia and Mexico, Chile and Malaysia.

This handbook is a reference for those interested in information technologies and emerging management practices in China. The emphasis on information technologies and management provides a unique proposition and gives characteristics of flexibility and adoption to diverse audiences. The subject area is a combination of global information technology and management along with strategic management of IT. The handbook exploits state-of-the-art and emerging trends in theory and technology. This handbook is primarily designed for a professional and academic audience.

With dynamic growth in China and India, recovery in Europe and Japan, and notable gains in U.S. productivity, the question arises: Can Latin America compete? Many argue that macroeconomic and trade reforms achieved in the 1990s merely put a handsome coat of paint over education, labor, judicial, and administrative reforms that remain incomplete. This book identifies and analyzes ten factors that most influence the competitiveness of Latin American nations and will shape their economic futures. In their frank and direct assessment--pulling no punches--the authors also present viable courses of action that Latin America can take to increase its ability to compete in the global economy.

Globalization affects regional economies in a broad spectrum of aspects, from labor market conditions and development policies to climate change. This volume, written by an international cast of eminent regional scientists, provides new tools for analyzing the enormous changes in regional economies due to globalization. It offers timely conceptual refinements for regional analysis.

This book presents a critical view of economic development in the last fifty years and evaluates different approaches taken that led to success or failure. It covers development policies, methods, procedures, as well as development project selection and how the one-size-fits-all approach taken by major players in development resulted in huge waste and disappointments. Global examples and comparisons are used to identify the need for selective strategies and new ways to assure development effectiveness.

Rapid economic changes throughout the world economy offer new possibilities for economic development. Yet the multitude of people in an impoverished underclass often find the burst of economic development in their country continues to exclude them. As technologies and demographics reshape economies, the underclass finds its skills increasingly peripheral to the urban economy into which it is drawn. The daunting task before Mexico in raising the living standards of its people is carefully analyzed with the help of economic theory. The current focus on Mexico and Latin America since the passage of NAFTA makes this a particularly relevant book for economists and readers interested in labor, international topics, and in Mexico.

The thought-provoking book presents alternative viewpoints to mainstream macroeconomic theory, questions conventional policy wisdom and suggests a systematic re-orientation of current macroeconomic and financial regulatory policies in India. The New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM), which established itself in the 1980s as mainstream macroeconomics, essentially represents an "uneasy truce" between two dominant schools of economic thought viz. New Classical and Neo-Keynesian economics. The NCM sets the tone for much of the macroeconomic (especially monetary) policy followed by the advanced economies in the period of the Great Moderation (1990-2005). The recent global crisis has posed a major challenge to the NCM as empirical models based on the NCM failed to anticipate the occurrence of the crisis and later its extent and severity. The above considerations constitute the underpinnings of this book, which addresses the theoretical controversies within a general context and their policy implications for India. The authors' analysis leads to a somewhat critical assessment of the financial sector policies followed in India since the initiation of reforms in 1991. This makes the book a valuable resource not only for researchers working in this area, but also for policy makers.

More and more Third World countries are providing development assistance to other developing countries. This book examines a range of these "South-South" aid projects sponsored by such countries as China, Korea, Cuba and Brazil.

Reforms and Economic Transformation in India is the second volume in the series Studies in Indian Economic Policies. The first volume, India's Reforms: How They Produced Inclusive Growth (OUP, 2012), systematically demonstrated that reforms-led growth in India led to reduced poverty among all social groups. They also led to shifts in attitudes whereby citizens overwhelmingly acknowledge the benefits that accelerated growth has brought them and as voters, they now reward the governments that deliver superior economic outcomes and punish those that fail to do so.
This latest volume takes as its starting point the fact that while reforms have undoubtedly delivered in terms of poverty reduction and associated social objectives, the impact has not been as substantial as seen in other reform-oriented economies such as South Korea and Taiwan in the 1960s and 1970s, and more recently, in China. The overarching hypothesis of the volume is that the smaller reduction in poverty has been the result of slower transformation of the economy from a primarily agrarian to a modern, industrial one. Even as the GDP share of agriculture has seen rapid decline, its employment share has declined very gradually. More than half of the workforce in India still remains in agriculture. In addition, non-farm workers are overwhelmingly in the informal sector. Against this background, the nine original essays by eminent economists pursue three broad themes using firm level data in both industry and services.
The papers in part I ask why the transformation in India has been slow in terms of the movement of workers out of agriculture, into industry and services, and from informal to formal employment. They address what India needs to do to speed up this transformation. They specifically show that severe labor-market distortions and policy bias against large firms has been a key factor behind the slow transformation. The papers in part II analyze the transformation that reforms have brought about within and across enterprises. For example, they investigate the impact of privatization on enterprise profitability. Part III addresses the manner in which the reforms have helped promote social transformation. Here the papers analyze the impact the reforms have had on the fortunes of the socially disadvantaged groups in terms of wage and education outcomes and as entrepreneurs.

This comprehensive and broad-ranging introductory textbook examines the key aspects of contemporary international development from both a practical and theoretical perspective. It addresses the fundamental question of what 'development' actually is and examines social, economic and environmental developments around the world. Written by experts with extensive field experience, this text introduces key issues in the development debate from how the developing world is changing global order to discussions on gender and development as well as security and development. International Development is a critical and interdisciplinary introduction to the contested field of development that is the ideal companion for both undergraduate and postgraduate students studying modules in development on degrees in international politics, international relations and development studies. This title will also appeal to policy-makers working in areas of development and professionals working in the area.

Pro-poor tourism - tourism that is intended to result in increased net benefits for poor people - is currently receiving enormous attention from the World Tourism Organization, the UN system, governments, industry, and NGOs and is an integral component of many sustainable development strategies in the less developed countries. Through a series of cases and reviews from experts in the field this book provides one of the first assessments of the effectiveness of pro-poor tourism as a development strategy and tackles the issue of who benefits from tourism's potential role in poverty reduction. This timely book therefore makes a major contribution to the ongoing debate about tourism's role in economic development, postcolonial politics, and North-South relations at a time when international trade negotiations appear poised to further open up developing countries to international tourism.

One of the most troubling developments of the past two decades has been the dramatic rise in inequality among nations and within nations. This book examines the nature of this development in a variety of countries and contexts - China, Russia, Australia, Latin America, Italy - where the rise of inequality has not been studied as intensively as the US or UK. It also presents analyses of some potential causes and consequences of the rise in inequality.

How have Africa's large cities provided economic livelihood and shelter to growing populations amidst the continent's protracted economic crisis of the last three decades? African urban areas have not received as much attention as rural studies, yet the continent is steadily urbanizing with profound implications for national economic development and welfare. This book provides fresh insight into the dynamics of African urban economic growth and associated social and political change. Based on recent city case studies and longitudinal data collection, this book outlines economic trends and key urban theories in an accessible style.